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A&P.ch19.blood
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| functions - Blood (7) | transport gases & nutrients, transport processed molecules; transport regulatory molecules (ex.hormones); regulation of pH & osmosis (buffering) maintenance (body temperature); protecion against infection; clot formation |
| functions of blood | transport gases & nutrients & waste products - OXYGEN & CARBON DIOXIDE - water, ingested nutrients and WASTE PRODUCTS |
| functions of blood -transport II | transport processed molecules - Ex. Vitamin D-starts near skin, then processed in liver & kidneys - also, lactic acid - produced by muscles, transported to liver to be turned into glucose |
| functions of blood - transport III | regulatory molecules - hormones & enzymes that regulate body processes are transported by blood |
| regulation of pH & osmosis | BUFFERS - help keep blood pH within normal limits (7.35-7.45) - osmotic composition |
| osmosis | Gr. osmos - a thrusting; an impulsion - The process by which a solvent tends to move through a semipermeable membrane from a solution of lower to a solution of higher osmolal concentration of the solutes to whcih the membrane is relatively impermeable |
| maintenance of body temperature | warm blood is transported from inner part of body to surface, where heat is released |
| protection against foreign substances | immune system protects against microorganisms & toxins |
| clot formation | blood clotting prevents excessive loss of blood or tissue damage |
| Plasma | liquid part of blood |
| what color is plasma? | pale yellow |
| what is the composition of plasma? | 91% water, 9% other substances |
| plasma-9% is composed of | proteins, ions, nutrients, gases and waste products |
| What kind of liquid is plasma? | COLLOID - a liquid containing suspended substances that don't settle out of solution |
| what are the plasma proteins? | albumin, globulins & fibrinogen |
| Albumin | 58% of plasma proteins-important in reguation of water movement between tissues & blood 2.) Helps maintain blood colloid osmotic pressure-because it does not easily pass from the blood into tissues 3.) fats & other molecules are attached to albumin |
| globulins | 38% of plasma proteins - some are antibodies & others are transport molecules |
| fibrinogen - | 4% of plasma proteins & is responsible for formation of blood clots |
| formed elements | called "formed elements" because they all evolve from on kind of stem cell - only white blood cells are the only formed elements which have nuclei (there are 5+ kinds of white bloods cells) |
| what kind of formed elements do NOT have nuclei? | red blood cells and platelets do NOT have nuclei |
| white blood cells - 5 kinds | 3 kinds of granulocytes (neutrophil, basophil, eosinophil) 2 kinds of agranulocytes (lymphocytes & monocytes) |
| neutrophil (granulocyte) | 2-4 lobes; granuls stain light pink or reddish purple |
| basophil(granulocyte) | nucleus with two INDISTINCT lobses, cytoplasmic granules stain blue-purple |
| eosinophil(granulocyte) | nucleus often "bi-lobed" - orange-red or bright-red |
| lymphocyte | round nucleus; cytoplasm forms a thin ring around nucleus (small size) |
| monocyte | Nucleus round or kidney-shaped or horseshoe-shaped - contains more cytoplasm than lymphocyte & LARGER |
| hematopoiesis or hemopoiesis | process of blood cell production |
| stem cells or hemocytoblasts | all blood cells derived from stem cells; which are daughter cell of the hemocytoblast |
| in fetus, blood cells are produced | in tissues like the yok sac, liver, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes and red bone marrow |
| in adults, blood cells are procuded | in red bone marrow-ribs, sternum, vertebrae, pelvis, proximal femur, and proximal humerus [remember that yellow marrow is in other locations of the body] |
| proerythroblasts | red blood cells |
| myeloblasts | basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils develop |
| myelo- myel- | combining form Gr. "myelos, medulla, marrow" can refer to bone marrow, the spinal cord and medulla oblongata and the myelin sheath of nerve fibers |
| lymphoblasts | lymphocytes |
| monoblast | monocytes develop |
| megakaryoblasts | platelets |
| what precursor cell produces MULTIPLE (3) types of formed elements? | the myeloblast - produces basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils |
| stem cells and cancer therapy | some cancer therapies repress cell division; this is bad for stem cells producing in the bone marrow - therefore, growth factors are used to stimulate the rapid regeneration of red bone marrow |
| stem cells and cancer therapy | leukemia and genetic immune deficiency diseases can be treated with bone marrow or stem cell transplant-families can freeze the umbilical cord blood of their newborn children; which contains many stem cells |
| red blood cells are ____ more numerous than white bllod cells | 700 |
| red blood cells erythrocytes | BI concave (both sides are concave) to increase surface area & fit around capillaries |
| do red blood cells have nucleus? organelles | no - no nucleaus, no organelles -main component is hemoglobin |
| hemoglobin | 1/3 of total cell volume- red color |
| function of erythrocytes | transport oxygen from lungs & carbon dioxide from tissues - 98.5% of the oxygen transported in blood is red blood cells |
| hemolysis | rupture of red blood cells-hemoglobin is released; is it denatured because it loses its shape |
| hemolysis can occur | hemolytic anemis, transfusion reactions, hemolytic disease of the newborn, and malaria |
| carbon dioxide transported 3 ways: | 1.) 7% dissolved in plasma; 2.) 23% in combination with blood proteins-the globin part of the hemoglobin and 70% is transported in bicarbonate ions |
| Carbonic anhydrase | "ase" means enzyme - located primarily within red blood cells |
| carbonic anhydrase works | to change carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) combine into hydrogne H+ and bicarbonate ions - these bicarbonate ions can then be transported in the blood |
| hemoglobin consists of | FOUR polypeptide chains and FOUR heme groups -each HEME group is a red-pigment molecule containing one iron atom. |
| Globin is amino acid | in adults, the four globins consist of two alpha chains and two beta chains |
| embryonic hemoglobin lasts until the | third month |
| embryonic & fetal hemoglobin is _________ at binding oxygen | MORE effective at binding oxygen |
| abnormal hemoglobins are | LESS effective at binding oxygen |
| IRON is necessary for normal function of hemoglobin | because each oxygen molecule that is transported is associated with an iron atom |
| adult humans contain | about 4 g of iron - 2/3 of this is associated with hemoglobin |
| Each hemoglobin can interact with | FOUR oxygen molecules - therefore, 3 hemoglobin can carry 3x4 or 12 molecules of oxygen |
| hemoglobin is exposed to oxygen | oxygenated form of hemoglobin is called OXYHEMOGLOBIN |
| oxyhemoglobin in one red blood cell transports | one billion molecules of oxygen - because each heme molecule binds to one oxygen molecule; there are four heme molecules per hemoglobin and there are 250,000 hemoglobin molecules per red blood cell |
| deoxyhemoglobin | contains no oxygen & is DARK red [oxyhemoglobin is RIGHT red] |
| Carboxyhemoglobin | carbon monoxide (produced by gasoline) binds almost irreversably to the iron of hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin - remember "car box" you don't want a boxcar in your blood |
| carbamino hemoglobin | carbon dioxide is transported by the AMINO groups of the globin molecule (does NOT combine with the iron atoms as oxygen does) |
| nitric oxide | when oxygen is released in tissues, nitric oxide is is also released-this may play a role in regulating blood pressure |
| blood substitutes | Hemopure-ultrpurified, cow hemoglobin in a balanced salt solution - smaller so blood transfusions can pass through blocked arteries - when blood is not available |
| every second | 2.5 MILLION red blood cells are destroyed - 1% are replaced each day - there are 25 TRILLION in all |
| erythropoiesis | new red blood cells: takes FOUR days |
| sequence | proerythroblasts then early (basophilic erythroblasts whcih stain with a basic dye--purplish color- then intermediate (polychromatic) erythroblasts - then late erythroblasts have reddish color |
| reticulocytes | immature red blood cells |
| red blood cell production is stimulate by | low blood oxygen levels (from decreased numbers of red blood cells, decreased or defective hemoglobin, diseases of the lungs, high altitude |
| erythropoietin | hormone produced by kidneys; stimulates red bone marrow - maintains homeostasis by increasing the delivery of oxygen to tissues. |
| red blood cells live | 120 days (males ) 110 days (females)-then they rupture |
| senescence | the state of being old L. senesco - to grow old |
| three products of red blood cell rupture | amino acids, iron and bilirubin |
| globin part of hemoglobin | broken into component amino acids-reused to make other proteins |
| iron atems released from heme | carried to red bone marrow; used for more red blood cells |
| non-iron part of heme groups | converted to bilirubin-released into plasma; binds to albumin & transported liver-becomes "free bilirubin" |
| "free bilirubin" | conjugated bilirubin-joined to glucuronic acid - more water soluble - bacteria convert to pigments that make feces brown |
| jaundice | some pigments are absorbed from bilirubin, modified by kidneys & excreted in urine - jaundice is yellow staining of skine when bile pigments are built up in skin |
| white blood cells or | leukocytes gr. Leukos - "white" |
| what happens to hemoglobin released by rupture? | macrophages in lymph tissue (spleen, liver & other lymphatic tissues) take up |
| lysosomal enzymes in macrophages digest | hemoglobin to yield amino acids, iron & bilirubin |
| white blood cells | leukocytes |
| white blood cells can move | ameboid movement - put out irregular cytoplasmic projections |
| white blood cells leave the circulation & enter tissues by | diapedesis - they become thin & elongated, pass between or through the cells of blood vessel walls Gr. dia "through" pedesis "a leaping" |
| chemotaxis | white blood cells attracted to foreign materials or dead cells within tissue Gr. chemo & taxis - orderly arrangement |
| pus | white blood cells accumulate & phagocytize bacteria, dirt & dead cells; then they die - the dead cells, along with fluid & cell debris, is PUS |
| neutrophils | most common type; 2-5 LOBES in nuclei - also called polymorphnuclear (PMN') because their nuclei can occur in more than one form |
| neutrophils contain | lysozymes - destroy bacteria |
| neutrophils live | circulate for 10-12 hours; then live 1-2 days after leaving circulation |
| eosinophils | stain bright red-motile cells that enter tissues during inflammatory reaction |
| eosinophils | reduce inflammatory reactions - destroy histamines - also release toxic chemicals to attack worm parasites |
| basophils | contain histamines - stain blue or purple |
| basophils also release | heparin - inhibits blood clotting - |
| lymphocytes | smallest in size; they originate in bone marrow but migrate to lymphatic tissues-where they proliferate & produce more - |
| where is body's lymphocytes? | in lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, lymphatic nodules & thymus |
| lymphocytes can become | B cells - stimulates by bacteria or toxins - produce ANTIBODIES - attach to bacteria & destroy |
| lymphcytes can also become | T cells - protect agains viruses-attacking & destroying the cells in whcih they are found- also involved in destruction of tumor cells & tissue graft rejectsion |
| monocytes/macrophages | monocytes are largest -they remain in circulation for 3 days; leave circulation; become macrophages; migrate to tisues-they phgocytize bacteria, dead cells, cell fragments & other debris |
| an increas in macrophages indicates | chronic infections |
| platelets are also called | thrombocytes-minute fragments of cells - derived from megakaryocyte |
| platelets - surface | become sticky - glycoproteins & proteins that allow them to attach to otehr molecules - such as collagen in connective tissue |
| platelets prevent blood loss by | 1) forming platelet plugs, which seal holes in small vessels and 2) promoting formation of clots to seal larger wounds |
| hemostasis | stoppage of bleeding -very important to homeostasis |
| hemostasis can be triggered by | vascular spasm, platelet plug formation and coagulation |
| vascular spasm | temporary constriction of blood vessel - stimulate by tromboxanes and the endothelial cells release endothelin |
| platelet plug | when a cut or tear in the blood vessels or capilarries occur, platelets plug it up |
| platelet plug - cascasde of events | platelets adher to collagen - von Willbrand factor mediates (a proteinsecreted by endothelial cells) -stimulates ADP and thromboxanes |
| platelets shape change | stimlutated platelts change shape, and bind fibrinogen to form a platelet plug - coagulation is the process of blood clot formation - fibrin are threadlike protein fibers, that trps blood cells, platelets and fluid |
| coagulation |
Created by:
walterina4327