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Stack #15685
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| GRADED POTENTIAL AMPLITUDE: | VARIABLE |
| GRADED POTENTIAL DURATION: | LONGER MILLESECOND --> MINUTE |
| GRADED POTENTIAL CHANNELS: | CHEMICAL-GATED,MECHANICAL-GATED,LIGHT-GATED |
| GRADED POTENTIAL LOCATION NEURON: | DENDRITES OR CELL BODIES |
| GRADED POTENTIAL PROPAGATION: | LOCALIZED-SHORT DISTANCES |
| GRADED POTENTIAL REFRACTORY PERIOD: | NO REFRACTORY,PERIOD MAY BE ADDITIVE |
| ACTION POTENTIAL AMPLITUDE: | ~100mV |
| ACTION POTENTIAL DURATION: | 1/2 - 2MILLISECOND |
| ACTION POTENTIAL CHANNELS: | VOLTAGE-GATED |
| ACTION POTENTIAL LOCATION NEURON: | AXON |
| ACTION POTENTIAL PROPAGATION: | OVER THE LENGTH OF THE AXON |
| ACTION PONTENTIAL REFRACTORY: | ABSOLUTE & RELATIVE |
| WHY DOES AP TRAVEL BACKWARDS? | REFRACTORY PERIOD DOES NOT ALLOW AP TO TRAVEL BACKWARD |
| CONTINOUS CONDUCTION : | UNMYELINATED NEURON |
| SALTATORY: | CONDUCTION MYELINATED NEURON.AP OCCUR AT THE NODES OF RANVIER,SKIP THE INSULATED PARTS.CONDUCTION VELOCITY OF THE AP IS FASTER IN SALTATORY CONDUCTION. |
| SCHWANN CELL: | KILLED BY MS (LOOSE INSULATION,CURRENT LEAKS OUT |
| HIT HAND 1ST TIME SOFT 2ND TIME HARDER HOW DOES THE BRAIN PERCEIVE DIFFERENCE? | FREQUENCY AP IS WHAT TELLS BRAIN STIMULUS HAS CHANGE |
| STIMULUS INTENSITY IS CODED FOR BY THE FREQUENCY OF AP | MORE AP/UNIT TIME FOR LARGER STIMULUS, INCREASE # NEURONS THAT ARE SENDING A SIGNAL TO THE BRAIN |
| PRESYNAPTIC NEURON: | CELL SENDING THE MESSAGE |
| POSTSYNAPTIC CELL: | GETS RECEIVE THE MESSAGE |
| ELECTRICAL SYNAPSE: | ION CURRENT THRU GAP JUNCTIONS |
| ELECTRIC SYNAPSE: | HEART BEAT SYNCRONOUS ACTIVITY,SMOOTH MUSCLE,CAN GO BOTH DIRECTION,FAST |
| EPSPS | EXCITATORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL,GRADED POTENTIAL |
| IPSP | INHIBITORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL,HYPERPOLARIZING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL MOVING AWAY FROM THRESHOLD,OPENING CATIONS CHANNELS USUALLY Na+,OPENING Cl- CHANNELS OR OPENING K+ CHANNELS |
| NEUROTRANSMITTER ACETYCHOLINE ACh | BETWEEN SKELETAL MUSCLE,NERVE (NEURONS),CAN BE BOTH INHIBITORY & EXCITATORY |
| NEUROTRANSMITTER NICOTINIC RECEPTOR: | ION CHANNEL,SEEN IN SKELETAL MUSCLE,OPEN THE CHANNEL, NICOTINIC IS ACh RECEPTOR |
| NEUROTRANSMITTERS MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR: | G-PROTIEN RECEPTOR |
| G PROTEIN RECEPTOR: | NOT AN ION CHANNEL,BINDS TO ACh,ENERGY MOLECULE LIKE ATP,ALPHA BETA GAMMA, ACh BINDING CAUSES DISSOCIATION OF TEH ALPHA FROM THE BETA GAMMA,BETA GAMMA TRABVEL THRU MEMBRANE,BIND TO ION CHANNEL,CAUSE IT TO OPEN |
| MONOAMINES | DERIVE FROM TRYPTOPHAN (AA) =SEROTONIN OR TYROSINE(AA) =EPINEPHERINE,NOREPINEPHERINE,DOPAMINE |
| EPINEPHERINE,NOREPINENEPHERINE,DOPAMINE IS CALLED | CATACHOLAMINES |
| SECOND MESSENGER PATHWAY | CYCLIC AMP |
| NOREPINEPHERINE RECEPTORS BINDS | ACTIVATE ADENYLATE CYCLASE |
| SEROTONIN: | SSRIs |
| AA NEUROTRANSMITTERS: | GABA INHIBITOR,GLYCINE INHIBITOR |
| NEUROPEPTIDE = POLYPEPTIDE: | NEUROPEPTIDE Y NPY STIMULATE METABOLISM, LEPTIN INCREASE FERTILITY,REGULATE FOOD INTAKE & METABOLISM |
| SPACIAL SUMMATION: | MORE THEN 1 INPUT FROM PRESYNAPTIC NEURON,EPSP ADDITIVE |
| TEMPORAL SUMMATION | INCREASED IN TIME |
| BRAIN/CNS: | CEREPRALSPINAL FLUID CSF NURIOUSHES & PROTECTS BRAIN, WORKS AS A CUSHION, CHOROID PLEXUS FOUND IN THE 3RD & 4TH VENTRICLES, NETWORK OF CAPILLARIES,LINE BY THE EPENDYMAL CELLS |
| EPENDYMAL CELLS: | FILTER BLOOD PLASMA, PRODUCE CSF, CIRCULATE THROUGH VENTRICLE BRAIN SPINAL CORD 500ml = 2 CUPS CSF A DAY |
| BRAIN NOT EXPOSE TO BLOOD BECAUSE OF | EPENDYMAL CELLS "BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER". |
| Rx's THAT CANNOT PASS THE BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER | PENICILLIN & DOPAMINE |
| REGIONS IN BRAIN THAT ALLOWS SAMPLING OF CHEMICAL FROM THE BLOOD. /LACK BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER ? | HYPATHALAMUS PINEAL BODY PITUITARY GLAND |
| BRAIN STEM | MEDULLA OBLONGATA NERVE TRACK FROM PNS CROSSING OVER OF INF> OCCURS IN DECUSSATION OF PYRAMIDS,CARDIOVASCULAR CONTROL REGULATES HEART RATE & FORCE OF CONTRACTION. RHYTHM OF BREATHING. |
| REGULATION FROM THE MEDULLA OBLONGATA | SWALLOWING,SNEEZE,COUGH,VOMIT,HICCUPS |
| PONS: | RAS RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM CONTROL WAKE & SLEEP CYCLES. ALERTS (WAKES UP)THE CORTEX |
| CEREBELLUM | FINE TUNING MOTOR ACTIVITIES. PROPRIORECETION SENSATION OF JOINT POSITIONS,BALANCE,POSTURE,DANCE |
| HYPOTHALAMUS: | MADE OF OF MANY NEURAL CELLS. REGULATE DIURNAL RHYTHMES. MAIN CONTROL AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYTEM & CONTROLS WHAT THE PITUITARY GLAND SECRETES. REGULATES BODY TEMP. THRU ANS. REGULATES EMOTIONS&BEHAVIOR,SEXUAL AROUSAL.REGULATES EATING& DRINKING BEHAVIOR. |
| CEREBRUM | GRAY MATTER OUTSIDE. WHITE MATTER INSIDE, WHITE BECAUSE THE MYELIN SHEATH. ASSOCIATION FIBERS WITHIN HEMISPHERE.GOMMISSURAL FIBERS(CORPUS CALLUSOM) LEFT TO RIGHT /ACROSS HEMISPHERES.PROJECTION FIBERS ASCENDING TRACTS & DESCENDING TRACTS. |
| BRAIN | FUNCTION AREAS OF THE CORTEX.PRIMARY SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX LOCATED IN THE POSTCENTRAL GYRUS.PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX OCCIPITAL LOBE.TEMPORAL LOBE AUDITORY.WERNICKES AREA LEFT SIDE. BROCAS AREA LEFT SIDE. |
| BRAIN WERNICKES AREA LEFT SIDE | CAN'T INTERPRET SPEECH *STROKE PERSON TRIES TO TALK BUT DON'T REALLY SAY ANYTHING |
| BRAIN BROCAS AREA LEFT SIDE | UNDERSTANDS SPEECH BUT TROUBLE SPEAKING |
| BRAIN LATERIZATION | STRUCTURAL & FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN HEMISPHERES.LEFT SIDE REASONING MATH .RIGHT SIDE INSIGHT MUSIC,SPACE |
| SPLIT BRAIN | LEFT BRAIN CAN'T COMMUNICATE WITH RIGHT BRAIN. |
| SPINAL CORD: | DORSAL MEDIAN SULCUS.CENTRAL CANAL FILLED WITH CSF.VENTRAL MEDIAN FISSURE.VENTRAL.DORSAL.CELL BODIES FOR SENSORY NEURONS.DORSAL ROOT GANGLION.LATERLA GRAY HORN CELL BODIES ANS SMOOTH&CARDIAC MUSCLE CONTROL.VENTRAL GRAY HORN CELL BODIES MOTOR NERUONS |
| SPINAL NERVES | INTERVERTEBRAL FORAMEN.PLEXUSE GRADED TOGETHER.DERMATOME AREA OF SKIN THAT PROVIDES SENSORY INF. TO A PAIR OF SPINAL NERVES.MYTOME ALL MUSCLES THAT ARE INERVAETED BY MOTOR NEURONS FROM A SIGNAL SPINGAL SEGMENT OR SPINAL NERVES. |
| SPINAL NERVES REFER PAIN | NEURON GETTING AP BECAUSE OF ELECTRAL ACTIVITY |
| SPINAL REFLEXES | RECEPTOR END SENSORY NEURON.SENSORY NEURON.INTEGRATION CTR 1 OR SEVERAL SYNAPSES.MOTOR NEURON.EFFECTOR EXAMPLE MUSCLE CONTRACTION. |
| IN THE CYTOSOL GLCYOLYSIS .GLUCOSE | 2ATP 4ATP = 2 ATP . 2NAD 2NADH |
| IN MITOCHONDRIA 1. PYRUVATE OXIDATION | 2 PYRUVIC ACID 2 ACETYLCoA.2NAD 2NAHD. |
| OIL RIG | OXIDATION LOSS (H ELECTRIONS) REDUCTION IS GAIN |
| GLYCOLYSIS | 2ATP 6 ATP |
| PRYUVATE OXIDATION | 6 ATP |
| KREBS | 24 ATP |
| 38 ATP PONTENTIAL | AVERAGE 36 ATP |
| C-C/C-C/C-C/C-C/C-C/ | BREAKDOWN OF FATTY ACIDS. B OXIDATION |
| NERVOUS SYSTEM FUNCTIONS: | SENSORY EXTERNAL,INTERNA. INTEGRATION ANAYLSIS.MOTOR SEND SIGNALS TO EFFECTORS . EFFECTORS MUSCLE & GLANDS. |
| DIVISION CNS: | BRAIN & SPINAL CORD DOES A LOT OF THE "INTEGRATION" BUT NOT ALL OF IT. |
| PERIPHERAL NS: | CRANIAL NERVES SPINAL NERVES SENSORY INPUT AFFERENT MOTOR OUTPUT EFFERENT. SOMATIC VOLUNTARY SKIN SKELETAL MUSCLE. AUTONOMIC INVOLUNTARY VISCERA HEART SMOOTH MUSCLE GLANDS. SYMPATHETIC FIGHT OR FLIGHT PARASYMPATHETIC REST DIGEST |
| GLIAL CELL | SCHWANN CELLS WRAP ITSELF AXON NEURON.ELECTRICAL INSULATOR.MYELIN SHEATH PNS. |
| GLIAL CELL | SATELLITE SUPPORT FOR "GANGLIA" GROUPS OF CELL BODIES IN THE PNS |
| GLIAL CELL | OLIGODENDROCYTES MYELIN SHEATH CNS |
| MICROGLIA | CLEAN UP DEBRI & PATHOGENS IN CNS THIS IS CALLED: PHAGOCYTOSIS |
| GLIAL CELL | ASTROCYTES FORMING THE BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER |
| GLIAL CELL | EPENDYMAL CREATE CSF |
| TAKE MYELIN INSULATION OUT OF NEURON? | YOU GET A SHORT CIRCUIT |
| NODES OF RAVIER | GAPS BETWEEN CELLS . CONDUCTION OF VELOCITY. MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS MS . TAY-SACHS MUSCLE WEAKNESS RUNS IN JEWISH FAMILIES. |
| NEURONS | CELL BODY : CYTON,PERIKARYON,SOMA. DENDRITES RECEIVING & CARRYING SINGALS.AXONS CONDUCT ELECTRICAL SIGNALS CALLED ACTION POTENTIAL. MICROTUBULES AXON TRANSPORTATION. SYNAPTIC END BULBS RELEASE NEUROTRANSMITTERS |
| MULTIPOLAR | MOTOR NEURON |
| PSEUDOUNIPOLAR | SENSOR NEURON |
| BIPOLAR | RETINA & COCHLEA |
| NERVE FIBER | PROCESSES |
| NERVE Vs. NEURON | 1. COLLECTION OF A BUNDLE OF AXONS SEE WITH NAKED EYE! 2. NERVE CELL SINGLE CELL MUST USE MICROSCOPE. |
| GANGLIA IS FOUND WHERE? | PNS |
| WHITE MATTER | MYELINATED AXON NERVE TRACTS |
| GRAY MATTER | CELL BODIES & GLIAL CELLS |
| SPINAL CORD | WHITE MATTER OUTSIDE . GRAY MATTER INSIDE. |
| BRAIN | WHITE MATTER INSIDE. GRAY MATTER OUTSIDE. |
| ION CHANNELS LEAKAGE CHANNEL Vs. GATED CHANNELS | 1. ALWAYS OPEN EXAMPLE K+ & Na+. 2. OPEN OR CLOSE "VOLTAGE-GATED |
| CHEMICALLY GATED (LIGAND-GATED) | ACETYL CoA. HORMONES.NEUROTRANSMITTERS. |
| GATED CHANNELS MECHANICALLY-GATED | OPEN IN RESPONSE TO PRESSURE OR STRETCHING |
| LIGHT-GATED | LIGHT SENSITIVE PHOTORECEPTORS IN EYES |
| RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL RMP | MEMBRANE POTENTIAL SEPERATION OF CHARGE ACROSS THE MEMBRANE.-70mV NEGATIVE TO THE INSIDE.ION GRADIENTS BOTH CHEMICAL & ELECTRICAL. |
| EQUILIBRIUM POTENTIAL | EX-61/1 LOG = 5/150= ~ -90mV K+ EQ POT MORE PERMEABLE 50-100X'S MORE PERMEABLE |
| EX = 61/Z LOG X0/X1 | EX=EQUILIBRIUM POTENTIAL FOR A PARTICULAR ION. X0=CONC. OF X ON THE OUTSIDE . X1 = CONC. OF X ON THE INSIDE. Z = VALENCE OF THE ION. |
| GRADED POTENTIAL | VARY IN SIZE . MAINLY OPEN/CLOSE CHEMICAL-GATED MECHANICAL-GATED LIGHT-GATED |
| DEPOLARIZING | MORE TOWARDS 0. HYPERPOLARIZING MORE NEGATIVE. USUALLY OCCURS ON DENDRITES OR CELL BODIES. SIZE OF GRADED POTENTIAL DEPENDS ON THE SIZE OF THE "STIMULUS" & IT ONLY EXTENDS FOR A SHORT DISTNACE. |
| ACTION POTENTIAL: | DO NOT VARY IN SIZE. ALL OR NONE. DUE TO VOLTAGE-GATED CHANNELS. ALWAYS THE SAME SIZE.TRIGGERS GETS PULLED "THRESHOLD" -55mV. |
| ACTION POTENTIAL: | 1. OPEN Na+ CHANNEL 2. Na+ BECOMES VERY PERMEABLE 3. GOES UP TO +60mV 4. DEPOLARIZATION 5. MAKES CELL MORE + ON THE INSIDE 6.Na+ ARE TIMED & DO NOT STAY OPEN FOR LONG.7 K+ OPEN WHEN Na+ STARTS TO CLOSE. REPOLARIZATION BECAUSE CLOSING Na+.OPEN V K+.HYPERPO |
| ACTION POTENTIAL | DEPOLARIZATION Na+ CHANNELS OPEN Na+ INFLUX. |
| ACTION POTENTIAL : | REPOLARIZATION BECAUSE CLOSING Na+ CHANNELS |
| ACTION POTENTIAL: | OPENING VOLTAGE-GATED K+ CHANNELLS |
| ONLY PERMEABLE IONS EFFECT THE RMP | K+ EQUILIBRIUM POTENTIAL ~-90mV. Na+ EQUILIBRIUM POTENTIAL ~ +60mV. |
| RMP V=0 | 1.NO GRADIENT 2.NO ELECTRICAL GRADIENT 3. CONC. GRADIENT IS MAINTAINED BY Na+/K+ PUMP |
| RMP V= -90mV | LARGE CONC. GRADIENT 2. LARGE ELECTRICAL GRADIENT 3. SMALL CONC. GRADIENT 4. SMALL ELCTRICAL POTENTIAL. |
| RMP THE SIZE OF THE ELECTRICAL POTENTIAL IS DEPENDANT ON THE SIZE OF THE | CONC. GRADIENT |
| RMP ABSOLUTE REFRACTORY PERIOD | 1.-55 mV CAUSES VOLTAGE-GATED Na+ CHANNELS TO OPEN 2. Na+ BECOMES MORE PERMEABLE 3. DEPOLARIZATION DUE TO Na+ INFLUX 4. VOLTAGE-GATED K+ CHANNELS OPEN Na+ CHANNELS CLOSE REPOLARIZATION DUE TO K+ OUTFLOW. |
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