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A&P.ch6&8
A&_.ch6&8.tricOH.fall2008
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| functions of skeletal system (5) | 1. support 2. protection 3. movement 4. storage (fat & minerals) 5. blood cell production |
| cartilage (3 kinds) | 1. hyaline cartilage 2. fibrocartilage and 3. elastic cartilage |
| blast | a suffix meaning an immature precursor of the type indicated by the preceding word Gr. blastos "germ" |
| chondro | combining form meaning 1. cartilage or cartilaginous 2. granular or gritty Gr. "groats" gristle, cartilage |
| chondroblasts | cells that produce new cartilage matrix |
| chondrocyte | a mature cartilage cell; surrounded by the matrix & occupies a space called a lacuna within the matrix |
| lacuna | a small space, cavity or deparession L. a pit diminutive of lake |
| perichondrium | Double-layered connective tissue sheath covering most cartilage |
| articular cartilage | covers ends of bones where they come together to form joints, - NO Perichondrium, NO Blood vessels & NO nerves |
| Cartilage grows in two ways | 1. Appositional growth (in perchondrium & outside) 2. intersitital growth (within matrix) |
| Appositional growth of cartilage | Chondroblasts in the perchondrium: 1) lay down new matrix and 2. add new chondrocytes to the OUTSIDE of the tissue |
| Interstitial growth | Chondrocytes with tissue divide & add more matrix between the cells |
| bone shapes (4) | Long, short, flat or irregular |
| Long bones | Longer than they are wide Examples: Femur |
| short bones | Not elongated & NO dipahyses - some have small epiphyses - some have air-filled spaces called sinuses, lined by mucous membranes - About as broad as they are long Ex. carpal or wrist bones |
| flat bones | realtively thin, flattened shape are usually curved. NO diaphyses, or epiphyses - they are a sandwich of cancellous bone between compact bone Ex - ribs - breastbone & shoulder blades |
| irregular bones | Not elongated & NO dipahyses - some have small epiphyses - some have air-filled spaces called sinuses, lined by mucous membranes - Vertebrae & facial bones |
| skeletal system - four components | bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments |
| bone | a hard connective tissue consisting of cells embedded in a matrix of mineralized ground substance and collagen fibers |
| cartilage | a connective tissue characterized by NONVASCULARITY - an firm consistency; consists of cells (chondrocytes), ground substance (proteoblycans) found in joints, etc. |
| hyaline cartilage | most intimately connected with bone |
| long bone structure (3 components) | diaphysis, epiphysis - epiphyseal plate |
| diaphysis | Shaft - Gr. "a growing between" |
| epiphyseal plate | Long bone-growth plate-hyaline cartilage is located between the epiphysis & the diaphysis - bone grows along this line, become hardened |
| epiphyseal line | when bone stops growing in length, the epiphyseal plate becomes ossified and is called the epiphyseal line |
| medullary cavity | large internal space within diaphysis of long bone - filled with marrow (both red & yellow) |
| Red marrow | site of blood cell formation |
| yellow marrow | is mostly adipose tissue |
| in children, spaces within bones are filled with | red marrow |
| In adults, the ones of the skull & limbs (except for the proximal epiphyses) have ______ marrow | yellow marrow |
| bone marrow in adults | red marrow - in pelvic girdle - ribs & & shoulders??? |
| Bone matrix | mature bone matrix is aboutr 35% organic and 65% inorganic material |
| Organix material of mature bone (35%) | primarily consists of collagen and proteoglycans |
| inorganix material of mature bone (65%) | Consists of calcium phosphate crystal called hydroxyapatite |
| What is hydroxyapatite? | "apatite" is a class of naturally occuring crystalline minerals containing calcium & phosphorus; a component of bones & teeth |
| hydroxy- | prefix indicating addition or substitution of the -OH group to or in the compound named after it |
| What is the formula for hydroxyapatite? | Ca10(PO4)(OH)2 |
| what does bone matrix resemble? | reinforced concrete |
| Osteoblasts have an extensive ____________ and numerous ____________?? | Osteoblasts have an extensive endoplasmic reticulum & numerous ribosomes |
| Osteoblasts produce (2) and release them from the cell by ____________ | Osteoblasts produce collagen and proteoglycans, which are packaged into vesicles by the Golgi apparatus and release from the cell by exocytosis |
| Osteoblasts also form vesicles that accumulate ____________ and ____________ | Osteoblasts also form vesicles that accumulate calcium ions (Ca+) and Phosphate ions (PO4 2-) |
| Ossification | the formation of bone by osteoblasts |
| ossification is also called | osteogenesis |
| ossification occurs by ____________ growth on the surgace of previously existing bone or cartilage | Ossification occurs by APPOSITIONAL growth |
| ossification occurs when | osteoblasts connect to other cells; bone matrix secreted from the osteoblasts covers the older bone surface and surrounds the osteoblast cell bodies and processes; resulting in a new layer of bone |
| osteocytes | mature bone cell |
| circumferential lamellae | thin plates of bone that extend around the periphery |
| periosteum | connective tissue membrane which covers the outer surface of the bone |
| canaliculi | spaces occupied by the osteocyte cell processes |
| osteon | consists of a single central canal, its contents, and associate concentric lamellae and osteocytes |
| interstitial lamellae | remnants of concentric or circumferential lamellae that were partially removed during bone remodeling |
| Haversian/central canal | vesseles that run parallel to the long axis of the bone |
| perforating/vokmann's canals | blood vessels that run perpendicular to the long axis of the bone |
| lamellae | thin sheet or layer; such as bone |
| mandibular fossa | depression - mandibular condyle fits in here - this is the articulation point between the mandible and skull |
| olfactory foramina | one of the openings on the cribiform plate in the ethmoid bone |
| palatine bone | forms part of the hard palate & a small part of the orbit of the eye |
| ramus of mandible | a part of a bone that forms an angle with the main body - LESS SLENDER than a "Process" - it's the bump in the middle of the posterior middle section of the mandible |
| nasal bone | forms bridge of nose |
| maxillary sinus | CAVITY in the bone-helps lighten the skull |
| atlas | 1st cervical vertebrae - flat - no "spine" process |
| axis | 2nd cervical vertebrae - DENS-"tooth" projecting from it |
| number of vertebrae in adult | 26 - cervical -7; thoracic - 12; lumbar-5; sacral-1 plus coccygeal - 1 |
| developing emryoe has how many bones? | 33-34 - because sacral vertebrae - 5 (become one) and coccygeal (4 or 5) become one |
| what do cervical vertabrae have that the other vertabrae do NOT have? | A TRANSVERSE FORAMEN - vertebral arteries extend toward head |
| sacral promontory | Superior point of sacrum where it articulates with lumbar vertebrae; a "promontory" is the top of a hill - has a slight ridge |
| acro | combining form meaning "top" "peak" "extremity" - Akron is the PEAK of civilization in OHIO |
| cora coid | cora "crow's beak" oid "like" - shaped like a crow's beak |
| main bones of the arm | humerus, ulna, radius |
| how many bones of the carpal??? | 8 |
| bones of the leg | femur, tibia, fibula |
| what bone articulates with the femur | tibia |
| what is the surgical neck of the humerus? | a place where the bone breaks, below the anatomical neck |
| deltoid tuberosity | Middle of the humerus |
| capitulum - on the humerus - articulates with elbow | looks like a head - is on lateral side |
| what is the elbow? | olecranon process on the ulna |
| trochlea | "spool" on posterior of ulna |
| medial malleolus is on what side of the leg? what is it part of? | the "inside" of the leg-on the tibia |
| woven bone | collagen fibers are randomly oriented in many directions - this is fetal bone - which is later replaced by mature bone (lamellar) |
| lamellar bone - mature bone | organized into thin sheets - |
| trabeculi | spaces in bone filled with blood or cartilage |
| intromembranous ossification | skull bones, mandible, etc. develop in fetus the mesenchyme |
| centers of ossification | part of membrane where ossification begin |
| endochondral ossification | cartilage forms most of skeleton (other than skull) - produce a hyaline "cartilage model" |
| endochondral ossification | 1. cartilage matrix calcifies 2. osteoblasts form cancellous bone from cartilage & outer surface of compact bone 3. primary "ossificaiton centers" form diaphyses 4. secondary ossification centers form the epiphyses |
| what does NOT ossify | articular cartilage & epiphyseal plate |
Created by:
walterina4327