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A&P.chap3
A&P.tricOH.chap3.fall2008
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| diffusion | movement of substance from HIGHER concentration to LOWER concentration |
| concentration gradient (relating to diffusion) | difference in solute concentration between two points/divided by the distance separating the points |
| Diffusion--what is the end result? | uniform distribution of molecules |
| Does diffusion require energy? | NO |
| cell membranes are composed of | phospholipid molecules interspersed with large globular protein molecules |
| phospholipid molecules | have a phosphate head that is soluble in water & a fatty acid tale |
| The phospho head is | hydrophilic "Heads love water-they float above it" |
| the lipid tale is | hydrophobic-LIPIDs are Fats and fats never mix with water! |
| Integral proteins (in cell membranes) | Span the lipid bilayer |
| Peripheral proteins | embedded in only one side of the member |
| golgi apparatus | forms lysosomes, secretory vesicles & other cytoplasmic components |
| gogli apparatus function | "packages" material made by endoplasmic reticulum |
| lysosomes | contain HYDRO LYTIC enzymes - break molecular bonds - they are intracellular digestive system |
| Lysosomes break down | proteins, lipids, glycogen, nucleic acid & mucopolysaccharades |
| Pinocytosis | Ingestion of extracellular fluid; |
| prokaryote | bacteria "before nucleus" |
| lysosomes | contains digestive enzymes |
| PROTeasomes | LARGE - "prote" breaks down proteins |
| peroxisome | fatty acid & amino acid - breaks down hydrogen peroxide |
| centrioles | in "CENTRASOME" - important in mitosis-form microtubules |
| microvilli | extension of plasma membrane - stomach - increase cell surface area - do not move |
| cilia | MOVE - in short hairlike - EX. bronchus |
| amphipathic | both hyro-philic & hydro-phobic |
| amphi | "around" think of an amphere(?) |
| Cholesterol | steroid - in membrane - MOST ABUNDANT - 1/3 of total lipids in plasma membrane |
| enzyme | catalyst - SPEEDS reaction without being used! |
| membrane lipids (2) | phospholipid or cholesterol (steroid) |
| Membrane proteins (2) | integral or peripheral |
| polypeptide bonds have a structure | primary-secondary-tertiary- which affect they way they sit in the plasma membrane - an integral protein can orient itself |
| Membran proteins are different kinds (6) | markers, attachment sites, channels, receptors, enzymes, or carriers |
| marker molecules - 2 functions | Identify one another & other molecules 2. Communicate between cells |
| golgi apparatus | "packages" proteins for internal use or secretion |
| Does every cell have a golgi appartus? | no - Ex. not in muscle cells |
| What does the Golgi apparatus look like? | a stack of pancakes |
| mitochondria | produce energy - using oxygen - Ex. yeast makes suger, leaves alcohol |
| flagella | sperm |
| cilia | hair-like - MOVE - in esophagus |
| microvilli - | Extensions of plasma membrane - increase surface area - do not move |
| Marker molecules | glycoprotein & glycolipids - |
| What are marker molecules for? | 1.) Allow cells to IDENTIFY one another & other molecules 2.) Allow Intercellular communication & recognition |
| What is another name for glycoproteins & glycolipids? | Marker molecules |
| integrins are also called | attachments sites |
| Integrins work as | "integrin twins" two work to form a key for extracellular molecules |
| Attachment proteins (name two) | cadherins - integrins |
| Cadherins | integral glycoprotein - binds with calcium |
| What is a "cad"herin? | acts as SUPPRESSOR of epithelial tumor cells-can be shut off & start tumors |
| a "CAD" stays attached | Cadherins in zonula adherens-communicate with other cells |
| Integrins might recognize (example) | collagen |
| Channel proteins (3) | nongated - gated - voltage gated |
| Voltage gated Ex. | skeletal muscle - cells will open for acetylcholine - Na+ channel |
| what is the chemical GGGGGate called? | Ligand think "liGGGGAAAAnd" |
| Receptor proteins | membrane proteins that attach to specific ligands - coordinates cell communication |
| receptor proteins-linked to G protein complex | "GEE!" Ex. epinephrine - adrenal glands release-body reacts - heartbeat increases |
| Enzymes -function | enzymes - CATALYST - remains unchanged |
| Enzymes | Latin - "leaven" example PEPSIN in stomach |
| Selectively permeable membrane | only certain substances - small, nonpolar & uncharged |
| What can diffuse through the plasma membrane? | Molecules that are soluble in lipids (oxygen, carbon dioxide & steroids) also UREA |
| Membrane channels (3) | sodium, potassium & chloride |
| Carrier molecules | Large - polar molecules need Carriers - like the Polar "star" - (book showed star-shaped molecule binding to carrier |
| What are carriers like? | Carriers like POLAR bears & specific wares (ex. glucose binds only to glucose carrier- aminio acid to amino acid carrier) |
| How do substance move across the plasma membrane? | 1. Directly 2. membrane channels 3. carrier molecules 4. vesicles |
| diffusion | No confusion - movement of solutes from area of higher concentration to area of lower concentration in solution Ex. salt crystal (high concentration of salt) dissolves in water until it is diffused |
| Waht is the concentration gradient? | Higher concentration (cube of salt) to lower concentration (salty water) |
| how do you obtain the concentration gradients? | The concentration difference between two points - divided by the distance between two points |
| Where is the concentration gradient highest? lowest? | salt ions move down their concentration gradient (from a cube of high concentration) toward an area of low concentration (the surrounding water) |
| Osmosis | movement of water ONLY from HIGH water concentration - to low water concentration |
| Osmotic pressure | force required to PREVENT movement of water by osmosis across a selectively permeable membrane. |
| The greater the concentration of a solution (osmotic pressure) | the greater the osmotic pressure (because water will move into the solution to equalize the water/solute balance) |
| Iso | Gr. prefix meaning "equal" |
| isotonic | cells neither swell nor shrink in solution |
| tonicity | In an isotonic solution, the shape of the cell remains constant, maintaining its internal tension or tone |
| crenation | a notch - denoting the outline of a shriveled red blood cell in hyper tonic solution |
| hypertonic | hyper = crenation - Hypertonic solution - water moves OUT of cell to diffuse into high solute solution |
| Hypotonic | too much water outside cell - moves into cells-it bursts |
| hypo | prefix meaning deficient, below normal Gr. hypo-under |
| hyper | Gr. above - meaning excessive, above normal |
| lyse | burst-to break up |
| filtration | small holes - sieve - Ex. kidney |
| mediated transport mechanisms | carrier proteins or channels for large, water-soluble molecules or electrically charged molecules |
| Mediated transport mechanisms | 1. specificity 2. competition 3. saturation |
| saturated carrier protein | ex. glucose - too many molecules mean cell cannot hold more |
| secondary active transport | active transport of a ion such as sodium, |
| Active transport - molecules move from Low | to High (AGAINST the concentration gradient) |
| What do you need for active transport? | ATP - AAAAgainst gradients - from lower to higher |
| Why is it important to go from lower to higher? | they can concentrate substances many times greater than the other side |
| sodium-potassium pump | |
| secondary active transport | When sodium is moved out of cell, it has a tendency to move back in - so they can also bring in a friend Ex. Glucose "rides" salt in the intestine |
| cotransport or symport | Movement in same direction-secondary active transport |
| antiport | secondary active transport where movement is in opposite direction |
| membrane assisted transport | endocytosis & exocytosis - "Pinching" membrane to form vesicles or opening membrane to release |
| recpetor-mediated endocystosis | hypercholesterolemia - "hyper" cholesterol gets into bloodstream - accumulates & can cause atherosclerosis |
Created by:
walterina4327