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A&P.tri-cOH.chap4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are Tissues? | Tissues are a collection of similar cells and the substances surrounding them |
| Tissue level of organization | LIving things are highly organized; tissues perform essential functions |
| What is the extracellular matrix? | In classifying tissue types, the composition of the non-cellular substances surrounding the cells is part of the overall function of the tissue...Ex. epithelium tissue-little extracelluar material between cells, a free surface, a basement membrane attachi |
| Tissue types (4) - PRIMARY | 1.epithelial tissue, 2. connective tissue 3. muscle tissue 4. nervous tissue |
| How are epithelial & connective tissues classified? | by structure (including cell shapes) relationships of cell to one another & material making up extracellular matrix |
| How are muscle & nervous tissue classified? | by functional & structural characteristics |
| Histology | microscopic study of tissues Gr. "histos" = "web" meaning tissue |
| biopsy | process of removing tissue samples from patients surgically or with a needle for diagnostic purposes |
| Embryonic stem cells | 13-14 days after fertilzation, cells form elongated disk consisting of two layers called ectoderm & endoderm; then form mesoderm. "Germ Layers" form all adult structures |
| Endoderm (inner) | forms lining of digestive tract & its derivatives |
| Mesoderm (Middle) | forms muscle, bone & blood vessels |
| Ectoderm (outer) | skin, and also neuro-ectoderm |
| Neuro-ectoderm | nervous system |
| Characteristics of epithelia (7) | PROTECTIVE?? 1. mostly cells 2.covers surfaces of body & forms glands 3. have sides (free/apical; lateral & basal) 4. bound together (tight junctions & desmosomes) 5. Avascular - no blood vessels 6. mitosis-reproduce & replace themselves |
| Epithelialial Tissue - functions | 1. Protects underlying structures 2. Acts as a barrier 3. permist passage of substances 4. secretes substances 5. absorbs substances |
| Epithelial cells | epithelium consists almost entirely of cells, with very littel extracellular matrix between them |
| Epithelium covers surfaces of body | Body surfaces include: outside surface, lining of digestive & respiratory tracts, the heart & blood vessels, & linings of body cavities |
| 3. Epitheliaum have cell surface shapes | 1. Free or APICAL surface ("apex" or top of cell) 2. lateral surface (on the side) -attached to other cells 3. basal surface-usually attached to basement membrane |
| Basement membrane | Specialized type of extracellular material-like adhesive on Scotch tape. Helps attach-plays role in supporting & guding cell migration during tissue repair |
| Do all epithelial cells have basement membrane? | No, some do not (but most do) Ex. lyphatic capillaries & liver sinusoids |
| Epithelial cells are bound together | Specialized cell contacts - tight junctions & desmosomes |
| Desmo | Desmo Gr. "band" - combining form meaning fibrous connections; ligament |
| Desmosome | Think of a "spot weld" to keep cells together - Site of adhesion between two epithelial cells;consists of dense attachment plaque separated by a thin layer of extracellular material Gr. Desmo + some "attachment body" |
| Do epithelial cells have blood vessels? | No, they are AVASCULAR - gases & nutrients in blood reach epithelium by diffusing across basement membrane |
| Do epithelial cells reproduce? | Yes, they are constantly replaced |
| Functions - epithelial - protecthing underlying structures | Ex. skin & epithelium of oral cavity, which protect underlying structures from abrasion |
| Functions-epithelial - Acting as barrier | Prevents movement of substances through the epithelial layer Ex. skin prevents water loss - also protect against toxic bacteria |
| Functions - epithelial - Permitting passage of substances | Allows movement Ex. Nephrons in Kidney - also lungs - oxygen & carbon dioxide are exchanged between the air & blood by diffusion through the epithelium in the lungs |
| functions-epithelial - secreting substances | Ex. mucous glands, sweat glands, & enzyme-secreting portions of pancreas |
| functions-epithelial - absorbing substances | cell membranes of certain epithelial tissues contain carrier molecules that regulate absorption Ex. lining of small intestine |
| Classification of epithelium by number of layers (3) | 1.) Simple -single layer of cells 2. Stratified - more than one layer of cells 3. pseydostratified columnar - "false" layers |
| simple epithelium | single layer of cells; each cell extends from basement membrane to free surface Ex. lining of blood vessels |
| stratified epithelim | Consists of more than one layer of cells, but only the basal layer of cells attaches deepest layer to basement membrane ex.sweat glands, ovarian follicular cells |
| Pseudostratified epithelium | One layer of cells, with all cells attached to the basement membrane-appears to be two or more-some cells are tall and extend to the free surface, others are shorter & do not extend to the free surface- contain GOBLET CELLS & secrete mucous - Ex. nasal ca |
| Classification of epithelium by shape (3) | 1. Squamous 2. cuboidal 3. columnar |
| Squamous epithelial cells | Squamous L. scales or scaly - cells are flat or scalelike Ex. lining of blood vessels, loop of Henle in kidneys, inner surface of eardrum |
| Columnar | tall & thin - similar to column cells are taller than they are wide ex. stomach, intestines, bile ducts |
| Cuboidal | Cube-shaped; about as wide as they are tall Ex. kidney tubules |
| Functional - simple | simple=diffusion - allows diffusion of gases, filtration of blood, secretion & absorption |
| Functional - stratified - can be keratinized or nonkeritinized | Stratified = protection - particularly against abrasion Ex. keratinized - skin or nonkeratinized - mouth, throat, esophagus |
| functional - squamous | diffusion - filtration |
| functional - cuboidal | secretion or absorption - "goblet" cells that produce & secrete mucous |
| Cell surface modifications - Microvilli | Apical surface has special functions - ex. microvilli (brush border) Ex. lining of small intestine |
| Cell surfaces (4) | Smooth - contain microvilli - be ciliated or be folded |
| Cilia - free surface | Cilia can move materials across surface of cells Ex. simple ciliated cuboidla, simple ciliated columnar & pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelies are in the respiratory tract when cilia move mucus that contains dust, etc. out of the respiratory pass |
| Transitional epithelium - specialized purpsoe | Has rigid & very flexible regions--allows it to expand Ex. urinary bladder |
| Cell connections (3) | 1. Form permeability barrier 2. bind cells together 3. provide mechanism for intercellular communication |
| Cell connections - where are they located? | On lateral (side) and basal (basement) membranes |
| hemidesmosomes (1/2 band bodies) | attach epithelial cells to the basement membrane |
| tight junctions | hold cells together & form a permeability barrier; include zona adherens & zona occludens |
| Zona adherens | located between plasma membranes of adjacent cells & acts like weak glue to hold together |
| zona occludens | forms a permeability barrier - located in stomach & urinary bladder - think of zipper-nothing gets through |
| Zona pl. zonae | L. "girdle" |
| Occlude | to close, plug, obstruct or bring together L. oc-cludo "to shut up" |
| Gap junction | Think "junction box" found in cardiac & smooth muscle tissues - has protein channels that allow ions to pass from one cell to next; thought to coordinate contraction of cardiac & smooth muscle cells |
| Glands | secretory organs; many are composed primarily of epithelium |
| Gap junction | Think "junction box" found in cardiac & smooth muscle tissues - has protein channels that allow ions to pass from one cell to next; thought to coordinate contraction of cardiac & smooth muscle cells |
| Glands | secretory organs; many are composed primarily of epithelium |
| Glands (2) | Exocrine - have ducts - Endocrine - do not have ducts |
| Crinogenic | Causing secretion; stimulating a glad to increased function Gr. "krino" to separate + gen "to produce" |
| Exocrine glands | Glands with ducts - Ex. sweat glands |
| Endocrine glands | Glands without ducts Ex. adrenal glands |
| Structure of glands - two types | endocrine (no ducts) - exocrine (ducts) |
| What types of glands? | Unicellular (ex. goblet cells in large & small intestines) or multicellular Ex. mammary glands |
| Connective tissue - what is the main characteristic of connective tissue? | Contains abundant extracellular matrix |
| What is the most abundant kind of tissue in the body? | Connective tissue |
| Connective tissue functions/characteristics (7) | 1. Enclose organs as capsule & separate layers 2. Connect tissues to one another 3. support and movement 4. Storage 5. Cushion and insulate 6. transport & 7. protect |
| Connective tissue - enclosing & separating | sheets form capsules around organs-ex. liver & kidneys - form layers to separate-ex. muscles, arteries & nerves are separate |
| connective tissue - connecting tissues to one another | Ex. tendons act like cables, attaching muscles to bones |
| connective tissue-supporting & moving | Bones provide rigid support; cartilage provides structure to nose; joints allow movement |
| storing | adipose tissue (fat) |
| cushioning and insulating | adipose tissue cusions and protects - stores heat Ex. heart |
| transporting | blood transports throughout body - blood is connective tissue |
| protecting | Blood & cells of immune system protect against toxins, bones protect against injury Ex. brain/skull |
| Structure of glands - two types | endocrine (no ducts) - exocrine (ducts) |
| What types of glands? | Unicellular (ex. goblet cells in large & small intestines) or multicellular Ex. mammary glands |
| Gap junction | Think "junction box" found in cardiac & smooth muscle tissues - has protein channels that allow ions to pass from one cell to next; thought to coordinate contraction of cardiac & smooth muscle cells |
| Connective tissue - what is the main characteristic of connective tissue? | Contains abundant extracellular matrix |
| Glands | secretory organs; many are composed primarily of epithelium |
| What is the most abundant kind of tissue in the body? | Connective tissue |
| Glands (2) | Exocrine - have ducts - Endocrine - do not have ducts |
| Connective tissue functions/characteristics (7) | 1. Enclose organs as capsule & separate layers 2. Connect tissues to one another 3. support and movement 4. Storage 5. Cushion and insulate 6. transport & 7. protect |
| Crinogenic | Causing secretion; stimulating a glad to increased function Gr. "krino" to separate + gen "to produce" |
| Connective tissue - enclosing & separating | sheets form capsules around organs-ex. liver & kidneys - form layers to separate-ex. muscles, arteries & nerves are separate |
| Exocrine glands | Glands with ducts - Ex. sweat glands |
| Endocrine glands | Glands without ducts Ex. adrenal glands |
| storing | adipose tissue (fat) |
| Structure of glands - two types | endocrine (no ducts) - exocrine (ducts) |
| cushioning and insulating | adipose tissue cusions and protects - stores heat Ex. heart |
| What types of glands? | Unicellular (ex. goblet cells in large & small intestines) or multicellular Ex. mammary glands |
| Connective tissue - what is the main characteristic of connective tissue? | Contains abundant extracellular matrix |
| What is the most abundant kind of tissue in the body? | Connective tissue |
| Connective tissue functions/characteristics (7) | 1. Enclose organs as capsule & separate layers 2. Connect tissues to one another 3. support and movement 4. Storage 5. Cushion and insulate 6. transport & 7. protect |
| Connective tissue - enclosing & separating | sheets form capsules around organs-ex. liver & kidneys - form layers to separate-ex. muscles, arteries & nerves are separate |
| connective tissue - connecting tissues to one another | Ex. tendons act like cables, attaching muscles to bones |
| connective tissue-supporting & moving | Bones provide rigid support; cartilage provides structure to nose; joints allow movement |
| storing | adipose tissue (fat) |
| cushioning and insulating | adipose tissue cusions and protects - stores heat Ex. heart |
| transporting | blood transports throughout body - blood is connective tissue |
| protecting | Blood & cells of immune system protect against toxins, bones protect against injury Ex. brain/skull |
| composition of connective tissue | cells & protein fibers - collagen & reticular elastic |
| Connective tissue has 3 components | Protein fibers - ground substance and fluid |
| Collagen fibers | Collagen (most commonn protein in body) - is like rope-15 different kinds - |
| reticular fibers | very fine collagen fibers; fill spaces between tissues & organs |
| ground substance | "shapeless" background of matrix; contains hyaluronic acid & proteoglycans |
| hyaluronic acid | "glassy appearance" gr. hyalos = glass. Lubricant; gives slippery quality to fluids Ex. connective tissue; is major component for vitreous humor of the eye |
| proteoglycans | trap water within connect tissue; bond with hyaluronic acid |
| Embryonic connective tissue | Mesenchyme (Gr. mes plus enkyma "infusion" - primordial connective tissue formed in embryo in third & fourth weeks of development; all adult connective types form from it |
| Mesenchyme forms primarily from | mesoderm |
| Wharton's jelly or mucous connective tissue | Only in umbilical cord-originate in egg & sperm;formed from remnants of egg & sperm |
| Types of connective tissue (7) | 1. Areolor (loose) 2. Dense 3. adipose 4. Bone/cartilage 5. blood 6. Muscle 7. nervous |
| Areolar or Loose connective tissue | "packing" tissue-loose protein fibers form a lacy network - fluid-filled spaces. |
| Arealor or loose connective tissue contains | collagen, reticular and elastic fibers. Found in skin--attaches loosely |
| Dense connective tissue (2) | Regular Ex. tendons & irregular Ex. dermis of skin |
| Dense connective - Regular (4) | 1. Regular arrangement-fibers predominantly in same direction 2. fibers form thick bundles 3. collagenous 4. elastic properties (in some) Ex tendons-strong cable-like structures |
| Dense regular elastic connective tissue | Ex. vocal folds - have elastic ligaments; yellow color, can stretch & return |
| Dense irregular connective tissue | Fibers are not all in one direction - can be random or adjacent layers can be at right angles to another layer Ex. muscles, cartilage |
| adipose tissue (two types) | yellow (found in adults) and brown (more prevalent in babies) - found only in armpits, near kidneys |
| Types of bone (2) | Compact - "hard" bone Ex. long bones/shafts- Cancellous "spongy" bone Ex. interior of bones of the skull |
| Cartilage | composed of cartilage cells or CHONDROCYTES - located in spaces call LACUNAE- within an extensive & rigid matrix. Next to bone, cartilage is firmest structure in body |
| Chondro- chondrio | Combining fomr G. Condrion "groats" (coarsely ground grain or grits, gristle |
| lacuna - lacunae (pl.) | Latin- Lake - a small space, cavity or depression - a gap or defect - |
| Cartilage - 3 types | 1. Hyaline Ex. trachea 2. fibrocartilage Ex. knee 3. Elastic Ex. external ears |
| Hyaline cartilage | Hyalos "glass" cartilage with frosted-glass appearance, interstitial substance containing fine collagen fibers - In embryo, forms skeleton before it is replaced by bone. Also in trachea and bronchi |
| Fibrocartilage | More collagen fibers; much thicker bundles than hyaline cartilage; slightly compressible & very tough-knees, the jaw & between vertebrae |
| elastic cartilage | Has elastic fibers and collagen - found in external ears |
| Bone | Hard connective tissue composed of living cells - osteocytes in lacunae - mineralized matrix |
| Matrix of bone | gives strength & rigidity- Has organic & inorganic portion |
| Organic bone matrix | Consists of protein fibers (primarily collagen) and other organic molecules |
| Inorganic bone matrix | Specialized crystals call hydroxyapatite (contain calcium & phosphate) |
| Bone cells are called | osteocytes - located in holes in matric, called LACUNAE |
| Blood matrix | Plasma - contains liquid and LACKS FIBERS and "formed elements" |
| What are the "formed elements" in blood | red cells, white cells & platelets |
| Muscle tissue (3) | 1. skeletal 2. cardiac 3. smooth |
| Skeletal muscle (3) | attached to bone - striated fibers - voluntary control |
| Cardiac muscle | Striated w/dark & light bands - branched - have intercalated disks, which contain gap junctions |
| smooth muscle | NOT STRIATED - movements in digestive, urinary & reproductive system - INvoluntary control |
| Nervous Tissue | Found in brain, spinal cord & nerves - conducts electrical signals |
| Action potentials in nerve cells | Electric signals in nerve cells |
| Neurons | Nerve cells - transport electrical systems through the body |
| Neurons are composed of (3) | Cell body (nucleus) Axon - conduct action potentials AWAY from the cell body - DENDRITES - receive action potentials |
| AXON - Long or short? | AXON is LONG - covered in myelin sheeth - contain neuroglia |
| Dendrite - what shapre? | much shorter than axons-taper to a fine tip |
| Neuroglia | "nerve glue" support cells of brain, spinal cord & nerves-nourish, protect & insulate neurons |
| Membranes (3) | 1. Mucous Ex. digestive lining 2. Serous - line cavities, pleural 3. Synovial - lines freely movable joints Ex. around knee |
| Serous membrane | covers organs & lines cavities - double-walled sacs (fist in balloon) - serous membranes have parietal & visceral |
| Mucous membranes | Consists of epithelial cells, goblet cells & connective tissue - secretes mucous - found in respiratory, digestive & reproductive systems |
| Synovial membrane | Lines freely movable joints - fluid-filled with hyaluronic acid |
Created by:
walterina4327