| Question |
Answer |
| what are the different causes of somatic dysfunction? |
Disruption of one element, Disrupted interrelationship of elements, Loss of integrity of the whole system |
| summarize the counterstrain hypothesis of dysfunction: |
muscle is responsive tissue, nervous system coordinates, proprioceptive system manages spatial relationship (primary hypothesis), model of learned behavior |
| summarize the nociceptive hypothesis of dysfunction: |
central sensitization, long term potentiation, genetic changes in spinal interneuron pool |
| information from sensory receptors to the central nervous system (CNS) is what nerve? |
afferent |
| information from the CNS to functional motor end organs is what nerve? |
efferent |
| nerve endings of unmyelinated C fibers-sensing of noxious (harmful) stimulus, i.e. pain defines what? |
nociception |
| which efferent nerves run from CNS to extrafusal fibers (outside the muscle spindle in the muscle belly)? |
alpha motor nerves |
| which efferent nerves run from CNS to intrafusal fibers (within the muscle spindle)? |
gamma motor nerves |
| which model of somatic dysfunction tends to be functional, emphasizing how things are regulated? |
neuroregulatory model |
| which model of somatic dysfunction tends to emphasize asymmetric position and resistance of motion? |
postural structural model |
| the neurological model of somatic dysfunction has what three tenets? |
Altered or dysfunctional proprioceptive reflexes, Sustained Reflex to nociception, or a combination of both |
| the strain-counterstrain model of somatic dysfunction has what four tenets? |
trauma or sudden strain causes proprioceptive dysregulation; spindle afferents send inaccurate muscle; lack of co-ordination of agonist and antagonist; and dysfunctional hypertonia creates tenderness and is painful |
| what are the 4 elements of reflex coordination? |
Sensation-a stimulus and sensor; Connectivity to an association area; Connectivity a motor response element;A loop of ongoing traffic |
| where do proprioceptors occur? |
Muscles, Tendons, Joints, Fascia, Labyrinth of the ear, and Vision |
| name a highly specialized sensory organ of a muscle unit that senses stretch and rate of stretch |
muscle spindle |
| what can muscle spindle proprioceptors detect? |
Absolute joint position, change in position, rate of change (velocity), and force (acceleration) |
| what is the strain-counterstrain hypothesis? |
Inappropriate co-ordination of alpha and gamma motor systems within muscle (voluntary and involuntary systems); mismatched resting tone between muscle and its reflex linked antagonist, and sustained contraction causes pain |
| what is the nociception hypothesis? |
A pain event, once initiated, can facilitate muscle contraction at the segmental cord level, with central mediation, including increased sympathetic tone |
| how does counterstrain resolve tender point-nociception to pressure? |
Shortening the muscle, holding for 90 seconds, slow return to neutral |
| in the counterstrain theory, what happens to a hyper-shortened muscle? |
it gets suddenly lengthened |
| how does counterstrain seem to work? |
turning off the gamma afferent signal by shortening the muscle |
| what is the evidence that supports Nociceptive model of Somatic Dysfunction |
pain associated with clinical complaint of dysfunction; anatomical circuits support the hypothesis; animal data (including spinalized preparations) of hypertonia in response to noxious stimuli; alteration of reflexes by pharmacologic blocking of pain rece |
| what is an example of the difference between pain and nociception? |
nociception is when you touch something hot-your brain tells you to move your hand before the sensation of pain is felt |
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