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NUR151-Nutrition1
Nutrition - Part 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Breakdown of biochemicals into simpler substances | catabolism |
| Proteins that must be ingested | essential amino acids |
| Organic substances essential to normal metabolism | vitamins |
| The client should adopt a balanced eating pattern that includes | a variety of nutrient-dense foods and beverages among the basic food groups. |
| The nurse should encourage the client to consume | fruits, vegetables, whole-grain products, and fat-free or low-fat milk while staying within energy needs. |
| Total fat intake should be kept between | 20% and 35% of total calories with most fats coming from polyunsaturated or monounsaturated fatty acids. |
| The client should choose and prepare foods and beverages with little added | sugars or sweeteners and foods with little salt while at the same time eating potassium-rich foods. |
| The nurse is teaching a client about healthy nutrition. The nurse recognizes that the client understands the teaching when the client makes which of the following statements? | "I will make sure that I eat a balanced diet and exercise regularly." |
| Proteins provide a source of energy and are essential for | synthesis (building) of body tissue in growth, maintenance, and repair. |
| Proteins are also required for | blood clotting, fluid regulation, and acid-base balance. |
| Fats are important for | metabolic processes. |
| Vitamins are chemicals used as | catalysts in biochemical reactions. They are essential to normal metabolism and are present in small amounts in foods. |
| Which action should the nurse take initially to verify correct positioning of a newly placed small-bore feeding tube? | Place an order for a radiograph to check position. |
| Based on knowledge of peptic ulcer disease (PUD), the nurse anticipates the presence of which bacteria when reviewing the laboratory data for a client suspected of having PUD? | H. pylori is a bacterium that causes peptic ulcers, and its presence can be confirmed by laboratory tests. It is treated with antibiotics that control the bacterial infection. |
| Gastric residual aspirate of __ indicates that the client is not digesting the food. | 300 mL |
| Factors that affect serum albumin levels include | hydration; hemorrhage; renal or hepatic disease; large amounts of drainage from wounds, drains, burns, or the gastrointestinal tract; steroid administration; exogenous albumin infusions; age; and trauma, burns, stress, or surgery. |
| A normal serum albumin level is | 4.0 g/dl. |
| The pH of gastric contents is low and acidic (__ or less), whereas the pH of the small intestine is higher because of the bicarbonate released. | 3 |
| Water-soluble vitamins are eliminated | daily; they are not stored. Thus they must be consumed daily. Although toxicity may occur with megavitamin intake, the possibility of toxicity is low. |
| A healthy diet should provide the necessary amount of __ vitamins without the need for supplementation. | water-soluble |
| Metabolism | biochemical reactions within cells of the body – ongong process in the body that converts nutrients and converts them to energy so the body can use it. |
| Anabolism occurs when an individual | adds lean muscle through diet and exercise. |
| Starvation is an example of | catabolism, when wasting of body tissues occurs. |
| Catabolism of glycogen into glucose, carbon dioxide, and water | glycogenolysis |
| Anabolism of glucose into glycogen for storage | glycogenesis |
| Catabolism of amino acids and glycerol into glucose for energy | gluconeogenesis |
| This throws us into a negative nitrogen balance. | Malnourishment |
| __ is main organ in which metabolism occurs. | Liver |
| All body cells except red blood cells and neurons oxidize fatty acids into __ for energy when dietary carbohydrates (glucose) are not adequate. | ketones |
| Basal metabolic rate (BMR) | energy requirement of a person at rest – illness raises this. Zero activity. |
| Resting energy expenditure (REE) | a measurement that accounts for BMR + energy to digest meals and perform mild activity – this is our resting metabolic rate – equivalent to amount o calories needed to meet the basic metabolic activities. – breathing, sitting, getting out of bed. |
| Macronutrients | nutrients that provide energy – carbs, fats |
| Micronutrients | essential nutrients the body needs small amounts of like vitamins and minerals. |
| Daily adult requirement of carbohydrates | 50 to 100 grams per day |
| Each gram of carbohydrate produces 4 kcal and serves as the main source of fuel (glucose) for | the brain, skeletal muscles during exercise, erythrocyte and leukocyte production, and cell function of the renal medulla. |
| Simple (based on sacciride unit): monosaccride | water soluble; glucose, dextrose & fructose; can’t be broken down further and is in its most basic form |
| Complex Carb | insoluble in water; can be broken down further; example: starches |
| Soluble fiber | digestible; prevents some diseases; includes pectin, guar hum, and mucilage |
| Form collagen, hormones, enzymes (like from pancreas), DNA synthesis –need collagen to heal the wounds and rebuild skin and tissues damaged. Need this to adequately heal. | protein |
| Necessary for blood clotting – plays a role in the clotting cascade, fluid balance, and acid/base balance | protein – blood clotting |
| There are 9 essential ___. | amino acids |
| There are 8 non essential __. | amino acids - can be linked together; e.g. albumin and insulin |
| Daily requirement of protein | 0.8-1g/kg/d |
| Categories of proteins that lack essential amino acids but can be combined | Cereals, legumes (beans (lentils), peas, vegetables. |
| Not enough protein could lead to | anemia |
| Positive nitrogen balance is needed for? | growth, maintenance of lean muscle mass & vital organs, normal pregnancy, and wound healing |
| Who are at risk for negative nitrogen balance? | Infection, sepsis, burns, fever, starvation, head injury, trauma |
| Deficiency occurs when fat intake falls below__of daily nutrition. | 10% |
| Fatty acids | chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms with an acid on one and a methyl group on the other |
| Fat intake should be __of calories consumed | 20% to 30% |
| Animal fat – saturated (butter, shortening, lard) – less than | 10% of consumption |
| How many mL of water each day? | 2 Liters or 1920 mL – Eight, 8 ounces |
| Vitamins | organic substances present in small amounts in foods; essential to normal metabolism. |
| Antioxidants | beta-carotene, vitamins A, C, and E. |
| Fat soluble vitamins | A, D, E, & K; can be stored |
| The water-soluble vitamins are vitamin | C and the B complex (which is eight vitamins) |
| Vit A | Cell differentiation, reproduction, vision (light from dark adaptation). Found in carrots, fish oils, butter, milk and eggs |
| Vit D | helps to regulate calcium and phosphorus – unique because it is made by the skin when exposed to sun. Unique because of this fact. Found in liver, sardines |
| Vitamin K | Very important – clotting cascade, needed for thrombin formation, produced from the bacteria in our intestines. Green leafy vegetables |
| Vit C | collegan formation – citrus fruits, orange juice, tomatoes, broccoli, green vegetables. |
| Vit B-12 | 2.4 micrograms per day coboalamine or cyanocobalamine - prevent pernicious anemia, found in animal sources – helps synthesize RBCs., intrinsic factor – produced in our stomach - Meat, poultry, cereals that have been fortified, eggs, cheese. Deficiency ca |
| Minerals are classified as macrominerals when the daily requirement is | 100 mg or more and microminerals or trace elements (selenium, zinc) when less than 100 mg is needed daily. |
Created by:
Ladystorm