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NUR151-MedAdmin1

Medical Administration

QuestionAnswer
Prophylactics Meds used to prevent illness like HIV - bactrim (antibiotic) – for immunosuppressant, antifungal meds.
Medication reconciliation Detailed list of what they take at home. What, how much, and how often.
NPO nothing per oral
MAR Medication Administration Record
BID 2x a day
QD 1 X per day
PO or IV Orally or by IV
PRN as necessary – when they ask for it
TOV Telephone Order Verified – when taking a doctor’s order over the phone and you have read it back to them to verify it.
Pt. Patient
PCA (patient controlled analgesia)
Pharmacology Study of the science of drugs including: pharmaceutics, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, pharmacotherapeutics, pharmacognosy, and toxicology.
First American law to regulate medications Pure Food and Drug Act 1906
Pure food and drug act 1906 – 1st Drug Law in America - to control medication production, distribution, prescriptions, medical testing, labeling (because some are labeled the same and have similar names).
Enforcement of medication laws currently rests with? Food and Drug Adminstration (FDA)
Name a state regulation of medication No alcohol till 21 and no smoking till 18.
Name a health care institution medication policy Automatic discontinuation of narcotics after a set number of days.
Nurse Practice Acts Set boundaries and limitation for what we do. Protects public from unskilled activities. Have most influence over nursing practice by defining scope of functions and responsibilities.
Primary intent of NPAs is? To protect the public from unskilled, undereducated, and unlicensed personnel.
Medication classification indicates __. the effect of the medication on a body system, the symptoms it relieves, or its desired effect.
Name a medication that is part of more than one class. Asprin – analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory medication.
What determines the route of medication administration? The form of the medication.
The composition of a medication enhances its __. absorption and metabolism.
Name some medication forms. solid(tablet), liquid (elixir/suspension), topical, parenteral, instillation.
Drugs can come with up to __ different names. 3 – chemical name, generic name, and the trade name.
A medication’s chemical name provides __. an exact description of the medication’s composition and molecular structure.
The manufacturer who first develops med gives it its __. generic or nonproprietary name, with United States Adopted Names (USAN) Council approval.
The name Acetaminophen is an example of a __ name. generic – for Tylenol.
The generic name becomes the __. official name listed in official publications such as the USP.
The ___ name is the name under which a manufacturer markets a medication. trade name, brand name, or proprietary name.
The ___ name has the symbol TM at the upper right of the name. trade – indicates the manufacturer has trademarked the med’s name (e.g., Tempra TM, Panadol TM).
Because of the similarities between drug names it is a common cause of ___. medical errors – The Joint commission publishes look-alike/sound-alike list.
Drug’s chemical name Drugs chemical composition and molecular structure (2-p-isobutylphenylpropionic acid).
Which drug name is restricted by the drug’s owner? propriety/brand/trade name (Motrin, or Advil).
Pharmacological Classification ”works a specific way” – narcotic, general anesthetic, calcium blocker, antibiotic.
Medications are grouped by their __. physiologic activity and mechanisms of action – beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, Cephalosporins.
Therapeutic Classification Grouped by similar therapeutic indiciations – anti-coagulants (blood thinner), anti-anxiety, anti-infectives (antibiotics).
Chemical Classification Grouped by chemical structure, regardless of differences in pharmacologic activity.
Pharmacokinetics Study of how medications enter the body, are absorbed, and distributed into cells, tissues, or organs, and alter physiological functions.
What is the fasted route? IV
What must you know to consider routes and risks? The medication’s pharmacokinetics.
Absorption refers to __. passage of med molecules into blood from site of med administration.
Name factors that influence absorption. Route, ability to dissolve, blood flow at admin site, body surface area, and lipid solubility of med.
Use knowledge of pharmacokinetics when __. timing med admin, selecting route, considering client’s risk for alterations in med action, and evaluation of response.
Name some routes of med administration. IV, IM, sub Q, PO, rectally, inter-nasally.
Each route has a differed rate of __. absorption
Which route tends to be the slowest? topical
Why is mucous membrane and respiratory airways route quick? because these tissues contain many blood vessels.
The rate of absorption is usually slow PO because? It must pass through the GI tract.
Why is IV route quick? Because med is immediately available when entering systemic circulation.
Ability of an oral med to dissolve depends largely on __. its form or preparation – suspension and solutions are already liquid so faster than tablets or capsules.
Acidic medications pass through the __ rapidly. gastric mucosa
Meds that are basic are not absorbed before reaching the __.small intestine. (blank)
When site of admin contains rich blood supply, body absorbs meds __. rapidly
Why is med absorbed quickly with large surface area? more room to be absorbed – that’s why meds are absorbed usually in small intestine rather than stomach.
Highly lipid-soluble meds easily cross __. the cell membrane and are absorbed quickly
Food changes the __ of a med and sometimes impairs its absorption. structure
Safe med admin requires knowledge of __. factors that alter or impair absorption of prescribed meds based on pharmacokinetics, nursing history, and knowledge.
Rate and extent of distribution depends on? physical/chemical properties of med and physiology of person.
Distribution depends on? circulation, membrane permeability and protein binding.
Conditions that limit __ inhibit the distribution of a med. blood flow or blood perfusion.
What conditions would limit distribution of a med? Congestive heart failure.
Blood-brain barrier allows only __ meds to pass into brain and cerebral spinal fluid. fat-soluble.
The degree to which meds bind to __ affects med distribution. serum proteins like albumin – because they cannot exert pharmacological activity.
The active form of meds are __. unbound or “free” – have not bound to protein.
Why are older adults at risk for med toxicity or increased med activity? because they have less albumin in the blood stream and this leaves more med “unbound” and active.
Biotransformation when med becomes metabolized into a less active or inactive form that is easier to excrete.
What biotransforms meds in the body? enzymes that detoxify (break down) and remove biologically active chemicals.
Where does most biotransformation occur? In the liver, but also occurs in lungs, kidneys, blood, and intestines.
How does liver biotransform/metabolize meds? Its specialized structure oxidizes degrades chemicals before they become distributed to tissues.
If liver disease is present, a medication is __. usually eliminated more slowly and can accumulate toxicity of med.
Metabolite product of metabolism – active have pharmacologic activity even if parent drug is inactive.
A particular drug’s onset of action, peak effect, and duration of action are all characteristics defined by __. pharmacokinetics.
Bioavailability extent of drug absorption
A drug that is absorbed from the intestine must first pass through the __ before it reaches the systemic circulation. liver
First-pass effect Some of active drug inactivated or diverted by liver before it can reach circulation.
Drugs that are administered by IV are __% bioavailable. 100
IV drugs have onset of __. 5 minutes
3 basic routes of admin are? enteral (GI tract), parenteral, and topical.
Where is enteral drug absorbed? mucosa of stomach or small intestine.
Half-life of drug When drug is ½ as potent – frequency of med admin is due to this.
After about __ half-lives, most drugs are considered to be effectively removed from body. 5
It is desireable to keep med levels as __ as possible. level and therapeutic
Steady state Blood levels of drug stay stable due to planning the amount administered by the rate at which the body is removing it.
Peak effect The time required for a drug to reach its max therapeutic response – max effective concentration.
Duration of action How long drug concentration is sufficient (without more doses) to elicit a therapeutic response.
Trough minimum blood serum concentration before next scheduled dose.
Plateau Blood serum concentration is reached and maintained.
Therapeutic Effect Expected or predictable med effect – the goal of drug therapy.
Drugs do what to cells? Modify (increase or decrease) rate at which that cell or tissue functions, or can modify strength of function.
How do drugs exert their actions? through receptors, enzymes, and nonselective interactions (interfere with metabolic activities).
The use of high-dose opioid analgesics to relieve pain is __ therapy. palliative
Adverse effect Severe response to medication – ADE – undesireable that can range all the way to death.
Side effect Unintended, secondary effect of med.
Idiosyncratic reaction Sensitivity to drug – Over or under-rxn to med.
Toxic effect Med accumulates in blood stream
Allergic reaction Unpredictable response to med that involves patient’s immune system.
Created by: Ladystorm
 

 



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