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patho.cardio.4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| glomerular disease | seems to be immunologically |
| azotemia | also called uremia-elevation of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) |
| BUN | blood urea nitrogen |
| prerenal azotemia | hypoperfusion of kidneys |
| retroperitoneal | outside peritoneal cavity |
| fascia | a sheet of connective tissue (as an aponeurosis) covering or binding together body structures; also : tissue occurring in such a sheet |
| hilum | 1 : a scar on a seed (as a bean) marking the point of attachment of the ovule |
| kidneys have how much blood? | 20% total blood-to be cleaned |
| cortex | "bark" or "rind" [kidneys, adreanl gland, & brains have a cortex or bark around it] |
| medulla | inner portion of kidney |
| pyramids - kidney | triangular divisions of the medulla of the kidneys |
| papilla | narrow, innermost end of the pyramid |
| glycosuria | glucose in the urine |
| diabetes mellitus | (blank) |
| anuria | absence of urine |
| oliguria | scanty amounts of urine |
| polyuria | large amounts of urine |
| nephron | functional unit of the kidney |
| renal corpuscle | composed of Bowman's capsule & Glomerulus |
| uremia fibrinous pericarditis | cardiovascular manifestations of elevated BUN |
| nephritis | acute or chronic inflammation of the kidney affecting the structure (as of the glomerulus or parenchyma) and caused by infection, a degenerative process, or vascular disease |
| glomerular diseases | immune system-nephritic |
| nephritic disease | hematuria (red blood cells in urine) |
| albumin | any of numerous simple heat-coagulable water-soluble proteins that occur in blood plasma or serum, muscle, the whites of eggs, milk, and other animal substances and in many plant tissues and fluid |
| hema turia | blood in urine |
| pyurea | the presence of pus in the urine; also : a condition (as pyelonephritis) characterized by pus in the urine |
| cystitis | inflammation of the urinary bladder |
| proteinurea | the presence of excess protein in the urine |
| proteinurea | urine foaming |
| acute renal failure | oliguria (low urine) or anuria (no urea) |
| nephrolithiasis | : a condition marked by the presence of renal calculi |
| mesangium | a thin membrane that gives support to the capillaries surrounding the tubule of a nephron |
| glomular lesions | sclerotic - scarring |
| interstitial fibrosis | scarring between glomerules |
| immunoflourescence | diagnose glomular disease |
| amyloid | a waxy translucent substance consisting primarily of protein that is deposited in some animal organs and tissue under abnormal conditions (as in Alzheimer's disease) |
| nephrotic | an abnormal condition that is marked by deficiency of albumin in the blood and its excretion in the urine due to altered permeability of the glomerular basement membranes (as by a toxic chemical agent) |
| nephrotic syndrome | PROTEINUREA |
| glomerulonephritis | deposition of antigens-antibodies attack basement membrane(filter) -streptococci release |
| nephrotic syndrome | proteinurea - hypoalbuminemia-edema |
| edema | an abnormal excess accumulation of serous fluid in connective tissue or in a serous cavity -- called also dropsy |
| minimal change disease (lipoid nephrosis) | corticosteriods |
| focal & segmental glomulerulosclerosis (FSGS) | podocyte injury-progresses to complete renal failure |
| membranous nephropathy | deposits along GBM--sometimes secondary to infection-may be benign or progress to renal failur |
| membranoporligerative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) | Type I - immune complex Type II dense deposit |
| nephritic syndrome | HEMATURIA - oligurea - BUN (blood urea nitrogen) hypertension - |
| hereditary nephritis | Alport syndrome-affects eyes "port" to soul - cataracts |
| Crescentic (Rapidly progressive) glomerulonphritis | rapid loss of renal function-oliguria-bowman's capsule cells proliferate |
| Goodpasture syndrome (anti-glomerula Basement Membrane disease | Deposits of IgG |
| Immune Complex (Type II) Crescentic glomerulonephritis | complication of immune complex nephritides |
| Berger's Disease-IgA nephropathy | dr. Berger-peds dr-usually affects young children - loin pain - hematuria -deposits of IgA in mesangium-progress to renal disease |
| Alport Syndrome | eyes in Males, (not all!)-corneal dystrophy - X-linked |
| chronic glomerulitis | end-stage renal failure-hemodialysis patients have this - proteniuria |
| cysts on kidney | benign; sometimes from dialysis |
| autosomal dominant (adult) polycystic kidney disease | mutated gene, slow-acting-death from renal failure |
| medullary cystic disease | sponge kidney - or nephronophtis -medullary cystic disease complex |
| medullary cystic disease | morphology-small kidneys; tubular atrophy -renal failure in children |
| renal tumors - benign | p53 tumor suppressor gene |
| wilms tumor | proliferation of abnormal renal stem cells |
| arterial walls are thicker (2) | accommodate pulsatile flow and higher blood pressures |
| pathologic lesions in vascular tree | affect certain parts of circulation |
| atherosclerosis affects mainly | elastic and muscular arteries |
| hypertension affects | small muscular arteries and arteriolds |
| vasculitis involve | only vessesl of acertain caliber |
| vessel wall cellularity | endothelial cells (EC) and smooth muscle cells (SMCS) |
| endothelial cells extracellular matrix (ECM) | elastin, collagen and glycosaminoglycans |
| endothelial cells vessels walls 3 layers | intima, media, and adventitia |
| internal elastic lamina | dense elastic membrane in arteries (especially) |
| lamina | thin plate or flat layer (L. layer, stratum) |
| fenestrations | having windowlike openings (L. window) |
| how do smooth muscle cells in epithelium receive oxygen and nutrients? | in small vessels, directly from blood flow through fenestrations |
| vasa vasorum | in larger vessels, small arterioles supply smooth muscle cells (SMC) with oxygen and nutrients |
| arteries 3 types | Large/elastic - medium-sized/muscular - small/arterioles |
| large/elastic arteries | aorta & large branches - innominate, subclavian, common carotid and iliac and pulmonary arteries |
| small arteries and arterioles | pressure and velocity of blood flow are both sharply reduced; flow is steady rather than pulsatile - |
| what happens with even small changes in arteriolar lumen size? | blood flow is profoundly affected |
| capillaries | approximately the diameter of a single red blood cell - have endothelial cell lining but no media |
| veins | larger diameter, larger lumen, thinner walls |
| lymphatics | thin-walled, endothelium-lined channels - drain excess interstitial tissue |
| lymphatics - infection & tumor | lymphatics check for infection; also tumor cells from distant sites can be transported by lymphatics |
| intima | L. innermost |
| tunica intima | innermost coat of a blood or lymphatic vessel; consists of endothelium, thin fibroelastic subendothelial layer, inner elastic membrane |
| what happens with vascular injury? | SMC growth is stimulated; associated matrix is synthesized |
| vessel wall is injured | intimal wall will thicken |
| phenotype of neointimal SMCs | cannot contract (fewer contractile filaments) have more organelles for protein synthesis |
| arteriosclerosis | arterio g. sclerosis (hardening) |
| atherosclerosis | athero Gr. (gruel, porridge) combining form meaning greullike, soft, pasty materials |
| atheroma | lipid deposits in intima of arteries, producing a yellow selling on endothelial surface (gr. atheree, gruel + oma - tumor) |
| atherogenesis | "response to injury" hypothesis - a chronic inflammatory response of the arterial wall to endothelial injury |
| chronic endothelial injury (lesion progression) | can be due to hypertension, smoking, toxins, viruses & immune reactions - causes lesion progression because of increased permeability, laukocyte adhesion and thrombosis |
| accumulation of lipoproteins (lesion progression) | LDL and its oxidized forms - cause lesion progression in the vessel wall |
| monocyte adhesion (lesion progression) | moncytes adhere to endothelium-then migrate into intima and transform into macrophages and foam cells |
| platelet adhesion (lesion progression) | |
| factor release from activated platelets | inducing SMC recruitment |
| endothelial dysfunction (2 causes) | hemodynamic disturbances and hypercholesterolemia |
| hemodynamic disturbance | plaque tend to occur at ostia of exiting vessels, branchpoints, and posterior wall of adbominal aorta, - where there are disturbed flow patterns |
| nonturbulent laminar flow | leads to induction of endothelial genes whose products protect against atherosclerosis |
| atheroprotective genes | protect against atherosclerosis - superoxide dismutase |
| nonrandom localization of early atherosclerotic lesions | where there is nonturbulent laminar flow, there is protection against plaques |
| dyslipoproteinemias | Factors affecting the circulating levels of lipids - |
| "bad" cholesterol | increased LDL |
| "good" cholesterol | HDL |
| significant correlation between LDL | total plasma cholesterol & severity of atherocslerosis |
| chronic hyperlipidemia | lipoproteins accumulate in intima-then oxidized-then ingested by macrophages-then form "foam" cells |
| oxidized LDL | important to atherogenesis - present at all stages of plaque formation |
Created by:
walterina4327