| Flap 1 |
Flap 2 |
| Follicular cyst |
Distention of unruptured graafian follicle. May be associated with hyperestrinism and endometial hyperplasia |
| Corpus luteum cyst |
Hemorrhage into persistent corpus luteum. Menstrual irregularity |
| Theca-lutein cyst |
Often bilateral/multiple. Due to gonadotropin stimulation. Associated with choriocarcinoma and moles. |
| Chocolate cyst |
Blood-containing cyst from ovarian endometriosis. Varies with menstrual cycle. |
| (Ovarian) Dysgerminoma |
Germ cell tumor. Malignant, equivalent to male seminoma. Sheets of uniform cells. Most common malignant ovarian tumor. Elevated hCG, elevated serum LDH. |
| (Ovarian) Choriocarcinoma |
Germ cell tumor. Rare but malignant, can develop during pregnancy in mother or baby. Large, hyperchromatic syncytiotrophoblastic cells. Increased frequency of theca-lutein cysts. Hyatidiform mole is a precurser for this. Elevated hCG. |
| (Ovarian) Yolk sac (endodermal sinus tumor) |
Germ cell tumor. Aggressive malignancy in ovaries (testes in boys) and sacrococcygeal area of young children. Schiller-Duval bodies (resembles yolk sac). Elevated AFP. |
| (Ovarian) Teratoma |
Germ cell tumor. 90% of ovarian germ cell tumors. Contain cells from 2 or 3 germ layers. Mature teratoma (‘dermoid cyst’) – most frequent benign ovarian tumor. Immature teratoma – aggresively malignant. |
| Struma ovarii |
Contains functional thyroid tissue. Can present as hyperthyroidism. Associated with teratoma’s. |
| (Ovarian) Serous cystadenoma |
Non-Germ cell tumor. 20% of ovarian tumors. Frequently bilateral, lined with fallopian tube-like epithelium. Benign. |
| Serous cystadenocarcinoma |
Non-Germ cell tumor. 50% ovarian tumors, malignant and frequently bilateral. |
| (Ovarian) Mucinous cystadenoma |
Non-Germ cell tumor. Multilocular cyst lined by mucus-secreting epithelium. Benign. |
| (Ovarian) Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma |
Non-Germ cell tumor. Malignant. Pseudomyxoma peritonei (abdominal mass of mucus). |
| (Ovarian) Brenner tumor |
Non-Germ cell tumor. Benign. Looks like Bladder. |
| (Ovarian) Fibroma |
Non-Germ cell tumor. Bundles of spindle-shaped fibroblasts. |
| Meigs’ syndrome |
Triad of ovarian fibroma, ascites, and hydrothorax. Pulling sensation in groin. Associated with Ovarian fibroma’s. |
| (Ovarian) Granulosa cell tumor |
Non-Germ cell tumor. Secretes estrogen leading to precocious puberty (kids). Can cause endometrial hyperplasia or carcinoma in adults. |
| Call-Exner bodies |
Small follicles filled with eosinophilic secretions. Associated with Granulosa cell tumors. |
| (Ovarian) Krukenberg tumor |
Non-Germ cell tumor. GI malignancy that metastasizes to ovaries, causing a mucin-secreting signet cell adenocarcinoma. |
| (Vaginal) squamous cell carcinoma |
Secondary to cervical SCC. |
| (Vaginal) clear cell adenocarcinoma |
Exposure to DES (Diethylstilbestrol; used to be given to pregnant women to prevent miscarriages; now its known to cause vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma in young girls). |
| (Vaginal) sarcoma botryoides (rhabdomyosarcoma variant) |
Affects girls <4 yrs of age; spindle shaped tumor cells that are desmin positive. |
| CA-125 |
General ovarian cancer marker |
| CA-19-9 |
Colorectal and pancreatic cancer marker. |
| CEA |
Colorectal and pancreatic cancer marker. (Used to monitor colon cancer tumor recurrance) |
| Alpha FetoProtein |
Marker for Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Non-seminomatous testicular germ cell tumors (i.e. Yolk sac tumors). |
| DHEA |
Excess production of androgens (i.e. Adrenal Hyperplasia) |
| (Breast) Fibroadenoma |
Most common tumor <25 y/o. Small, mobile, firm mass with sharp edges. Increase size and tenderness w/pregnancy. Not a precursor to breast cancer. |
| (Breast) Intraductal Papilloma |
Tumor of lactiferous ducts; presents with serous or bloody nipple discharge. |
| (Breast) Phyllodes tumor |
Large, bulky mass of connective tissue and cysts. Tumor may have ‘leaflike’ projections. Some may be malignant (cystosarcoma phyllodes). >50 y/o, no cyclical (menstrual) pain. |
| (Breast) Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) |
Noninvasive, early malignancy without basement membrane penetration. |
| (Breast) Invasive ductal, no specific type |
Invasive. 76% of the invasive breast cancers. Frim, fibrous mass, FOLLOWS LYMPHATICS! Worst and most invasive; common. |
| (Breast) Invasive lobular |
8% of invasive breast cancers. Often multiple; BILATERAL, orderly rows of cells. |
| (Breast) Medullary |
1.2 – 10% of invasive breast cancers. Fleshy, cellular, lymphocytic infiltrate. Good prognosis. |
| (Breast) Comedocarcinoma |
1.6% of invasive breast cancers. Ductal, caseous necrosis. |
| (Breast) Inflammatory |
Invasive. Lymphatic involvement. Red, swollen, peau d’orange (breast skin resembles orange peel). |
| (Breast) Paget’s disease of the breast |
Eczematous patches on nipple. Paget cells- Large cells with clear halo; suggests underlying carcinoma. Also seen on vulva. |
| (Testicular) Seminoma |
Germ cell tumor. Malignant, painless testicular enlargement; most common testicular tumor, mostly affecting males age 15-35. Large cells in lobules with watery cytoplasm and a ‘fried egg’ appearance. Radiosensitive. Late metastasis, excellent prognosis |
| (Testicular) Embyonal carcinoma |
Germ cell tumor. Malignant, PAINFUL, worse prognosis than seminoma. Often glandular/papillary morphology. Can differentiate to other tumors. |
| (Testicular) Yolk sac (endodermal sinus) tumor |
Germ cell tumor. Analogous to ovarian yolk sac tumor. Schiller-Duval bodies, primitive glomeruli. Increased AFP. |
| (Testicular) Choriocarcinoma |
Germ cell tumor. Malignant. Increased hCG |
| (Testicular) Teratoma |
Germ cell tumor. Unlike in females, mature teratoma in males is most often malignant. |
| Leydig cell tumor |
Non-germ cell tumor. Benign, contains Reinke crystals; usually androgen producing, gynecomastia in men, precocious puberty in boys. |
| Sertoli cell tumor |
Non-germ cell tumor. Benign, androblastoma from sex cord stroma. |
| Testicular lymphoma |
Non-germ cell tumor. Most common testicular cancer in older men. |
| Varicocele |
Tunica Vaginalis lesion. Dilated vein in pampiniform plexus; can cause infertility; ‘bag of worms’. Warm, soft mass in scrotum. Pain on exercise, relieved when lying down or with valsalva maneuver. |
| Hydrocele |
Tunica Vaginalis lesion. Increased fluid secondary to incomplete fusion of processus vaginalis. |
| Spermatocele |
Tunica Vaginalis lesion. Dilated epidydymal duct. |
| Erythroplasia of Queyrat |
Penile pathology- Carcinoma in situ. Red velvety plaques, usually involving the glans; otherwise similar to Bowen’s disease. |
| Bowenoid papulosis |
Penile pathology- Carcinoma in situ. Multiple papular lesions; affects younger age group than other subtypes; usually does not become invasive. |
| Bowen’s Disease |
Penile pathology- Carcinoma in situ. Gray, solitary, crusty plaque, usually on the shaft of the penis or on the scrotum; peak incidence in 5th decade of life; progresses to invasive SCC in <10% of cases. |
| Penile Squamous cell carcinoma |
Penile pathology. Rare in circumsised men; uncommmon in the USA and Europe, more common in Asia, Africa, and South America. Commonly associated with HPV. |
| Peyronie’s Disease |
Penile pathology. Bent penis due to acquired fibrous tissue formation. |
