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pathophys.test3
pathophys.tes3.neuro.endo.repro
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| pyknosis | a degenerative condition of a cell nucleus marked by clumping of the chromosomes, hyperchromatism, and shrinking of the nucleus |
| necleolus disappears | during neuronal necrosis |
| nissl bodies | discrete granular bodies of variable size that occur in the cell body and dendrites but not the axon of neurons, are composed of RNA and polyribosomes, are stained with basic dyes (as methylene blue), and give a striped appearance to the cell -- called al |
| dendrites | any of the usually branching protoplasmic processes that conduct impulses toward the body of a nerve cell |
| coagulative necrosis | (blank) |
| chromatolysis | the dissolution and breaking up of chromophil material (as chromatin) of a cell and especially a neuron |
| chromatolysis | a common reaction of the neuron to axonal injury |
| axon | a usually long and single nerve-cell process that usually conducts impulses away from the cell body |
| astrocyte | a star-shaped cell; especially : any comparatively large much-branched glial cell |
| glia | : supporting tissue that is intermingled with the essential elements of nervous tissue especially in the brain, spinal cord, and ganglia, is of ectodermal origin, and is composed of a network of fine fibrils and of flattened stellate cells with numerous r |
| lewy bodies | : an eosinophilic inclusion body found in the cytoplasm of neurons of the cortex and brain stem in Parkinson's disease and some forms of dementia |
| gliosis - scar in brain (like fibroids elsewhere in body) | : excessive development of glia especially interstitially |
| neuropil | : a fibrous network of delicate unmyelinated nerve fibers interrupted by numerous synapses and found in concentrations of nervous tissue especially in parts of the brain where it is highly developed |
| corpora amylacea | in brain, glycoprotein-rich materials |
| oligodendrocytes | : a glial cell resembling an astrocyte but smaller with few and slender processes having few branches |
| oligodendrocytes | when injured, they can be seen in multiple sclerosis and leukodystrophies |
| dystrophy-any myogenic atrophy | any myogenic atrophy; especially : MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY |
| myogenic | originating in muscle < |
| ependymal cells | CMV - cytomegalo-VIRUS |
| ependymal | an epithelial membrane lining the ventricles of the brain and the canal of the spinal cord |
| microglia | major phagocytic cells-go to site of tissue injury |
| cerebral edema | an abnormal excess accumulation of serous fluid in connective tissue or in a serous cavity -- called also dropsy |
| vasogenic edema in braid | normal blood-brain barrier is disrupted-fluid escapes into interstitial space of the brain |
| cytotoxic edema | INCREASE in fluid-inctracellular edema |
| Edematous brain | softer than normal, "overfills" cranial vault-gyri are flattened- ventricular cavity is compressed-sulci are narrowed |
| sulcus in brain | groove |
| gyrus in brain | ridge |
| herniation | (blank) |
| hydrochephalus | increase in cerebral-spinal fluid |
| hydrocephalus ex vacua | (blank) |
| herniation of brain | brain bulges downward-presses against eyes, or against medulla |
| tonsillar hernation | brain stem compression-against medulla oblongata |
| "pop the top" | brain pressing - give space |
| transtentorial (uncinate) herniation | eyes affected-temporal lobe is herniated |
| Duret's hemorrhage | brain herniation-blood flow is stopped-can be seen in autopsy |
| thrombolitic occlusion of the brain | (blank) |
| thrombosis | the formation or presence of a blood clot within a blood vessel -- see |
| anastomoses | 1 a : a communication between or coalescence of blood vessels b : the surgical union of parts and especially hollow tubular parts <anastomosis of the ureter and colon is surgically practicable> |
| brain needs glucose & oxygen | 4 minutes-irreversible brain damage will start |
| autoregulation | cerebral blood flow remains constant |
| transient ischemic attacks | vascular obstruction-they predict major strokes - |
| infarct | an area of necrosis in a tissue or organ resulting from obstruction of the local circulation by a thrombus or embolus |
| global cerebral ischemia | cardiac arrest-shock-hypotension |
| respirator brain | on ventilator, brain digests itslf |
| cerebral infarction | neutrophilsa granulocyte that is the chief phagocytic white blood cell macrophages-necrotic parenchyma |
| parenchyma | the essential and distinctive tissue of an organ or an abnormal growth as distinguished from its supportive framework |
| Border Zone infarcts | "watershed" area far away from blood vessels |
| blood-brain barrier | capillaries of the brain have special structure prevents harmful substances |
| hemorrhage in brain | cerebrovascular disease, hypertension most common underlying cause |
| arteriovenous malformation (AVMs) | bleed in childhood, lesion within brain, congenital abnormality |
| saccular aneurysms | "berries" |
| aneurysm | an abnormal blood-filled dilatation of a blood vessel and especially an artery resulting from disease of the vessel wall |
| cavernous angiomas | in brain- a tumor (as a hemangioma or lymphangioma) composed chiefly of blood vessels or lymphatic vessels |
| amyloid | a waxy translucent substance consisting primarily of protein that is deposited in some animal organs and tissue under abnormal conditions (as in Alzheimer's disease) |
| subarachnoid | the space between the arachnoid and the pia mater through which the cerebrospinal fluid circulates and across which extend delicate trabeculae of connective tissue |
| subarachnoid hemorrhage | "berries" saccular aneurysms - burst-bleed & patient dies |
| subarachnoid rupture | patients may be-straining for bowel movements - lifting weights - worst headache of life |
| fibrous vessel wall | (blank) |
| astrocytomas | well-differentiated - poorly defined, inflitrative lesions -obliterate gray matter-white-matter boundaries |
| astrocytomas - microcysts | accumulations of fluid along with tumor |
| anaplastic astrocytomas | characterized by, composed of, or being cells which have reverted to a relatively undifferentiated state <anaplastic carcinomas> |
| glioblastoma multiforme | infiltrative lesions - most common NECROSIS - with PSEUDO-PALISADING |
| glioblastoma multiform | in adults, seizure - poor prognosis |
| fibrillary astrocytic - or diffuse | general term for astrocytomas, anaplastic astrocytomas & glioblastoma |
| glioblastoma | a malignant rapidly growing astrocytoma of the central nervous system and usually of a cerebral hemisphere -- called also spongioblastoma |
| oligodendrogliomas | glia made up of oligodendrocytes that forms the myelin sheath around axons in the central nervous system |
| ependymoma | (blank) |
| medulloblastoma | (blank) |
| pilocytic astrocytomas | Pilo - hairlike - elongated astrocytes |
| ependymomas | "pseudorosettes"-ventricular tumors |
| neuronal tumors | central nervous system |
| medulloblastomas | childhood-midline of cerebellum |
| meningiomas | tumors above brain in meninges- |
| meningiomas | psammoma bodies |
| metastatic melanoma | dark pigment |
| acquired demyelinating diseases | acquired - such as MS |
| Multiple sclerosis | auto-immune disease-demyelination - white matter lesions |
| multiple sclerosis | 1 : a pathological condition in which a tissue has become hard and which is produced by overgrowth of fibrous tissue and other changes (as in arteriosclerosis) or by increase in interstitial tissue and other changes (as in multiple sclerosis) -- called al |
| leukodystrophies | INHERITED - interferes with generation and/or maintenance of myelin |
| encephalomyelitis | acquired - after measles, chickenpox, etc. |
| thiamine deficiencies | Wernike-Korsakoff "off thighs" |
| Alzheimer | acquired - neurofibrillar tangles - need to rule out other causes |
| alcholics - deficiency of b vitamins | hypothalamus-gray matter lesions with hemorrhages |
| pakinsonism | Lewy bodies-tremors -10 years |
| parkinson's disease | treat with L-dopamine-secreting neurons of substantia nigra |
| sustantia nigra | a layer of deeply pigmented gray matter situated in the midbrain and containing the cell bodies of a tract of dopamine-producing nerve cells whose secretion tends to be deficient in Parkinson's disease |
| huntington's disease | small brain-atrophy of caudate nucleus |
| caudate nucleus | the one of the four basal ganglia in each cerebral hemisphere that comprises a mass of gray matter in the corpus striatum, forms part of the floor of the lateral ventricle, and is separated from the lentiform nucleus by the internal capsule -- called als |
| Lou Gehrig's disease | amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) |
| ALS | progressive degenerative disorder-loss of motor neurons |
| Guillain-Barre syndrome | viral infection-motor weakness-can't breath-need plasma |
| schwannomas | masses attached to peripheral nerves |
| neurofibromas | "Elephant man" disease- von Recklinghausen's disease |
Created by:
walterina4327