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pathology.test2
cancer.liver.gi
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| major function of lung | excrete carbon dioxide from blood and replenish oxygen |
| three majors areas of lung disease | 1.) airways 2.) interstitium and 3. pulmonary vascular system |
| atelectasis | collapse |
| atelectasis | collapse of the expanded lung; or failure of lungs to expand at birth |
| atelectasis-results | shunting poorly oxygenated blood into veins; results in ventilation-perfusion imbalance and hypoxia |
| liver | maintains body' metabolic homeostasis |
| livery processes | dietary amino acids, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, synthesis of serum proteins, detoxification and excretion into bile of waste |
| hepatic injury | any of the polygonal epithelial parenchymatous cells of the liver that secrete bile -- called also hepatic cell, liver cell |
| pa·ren·chy·ma | the essential and distinctive tissue of an organ or an abnormal growth as distinguished from its supportive framework |
| liver has five basic injuries | inflammation (hepatitis) degeneration (toxic chemicals) necrosis (coagulative necrosis) fibrosis -formed from inflam or toxins - cirrhosis |
| can liver rejuvenate? | Yes, even 75% loss |
| fulminant | coming on suddenly with great severity <fulminant hepatitis with total hepatocyte necrosis |
| bilirubin | end product of heme degradation |
| senescence | the state of being old : the process of becoming old |
| liver lobule | hexagonal around central vein |
| hyper bilirubemia | too much bilirubin; newborns have because their livers aren't mature yet |
| necrosis patterns in liver | centrilobular (around central vein) |
| bridging necrosis | adjacent lobules inflame (portal to portal, portal-to-central, central to central) |
| submassive necrosis | entire lobules |
| massive necrosis | most of liver |
| fibrosis | collegen deposits; result of toxins or inflammation |
| hypo-albuminemia-what is consequence? | peripheral edema |
| how much capacity must be gone before liver fails? | 80-90% before liver failure |
| hyperammonemia | defective urea cycle function |
| hyperestrogenemia | impaired estrogen |
| hepatic encephalopathy | fulminant liver failure causes "crazy" - flapping tremors-EEG changes - due to blood ammonia? |
| hepatorenal syndrome | renal failure due to severe liver disease - correct liver & renal function is restored |
| hepatorenal syndrome-symptoms | (blank) |
| oliguria | reduced excretion of urine |
| cirrhosis | among top 10 deaths-alcohol abuse, chronic infections, biliary disease |
| what is cirrhosis? | progressive fibrosis - liver becomes damaged |
| Fibrosis-three types | normal-collagen distributed; micronodule; parenchymal |
| parenchymal nodules | liver has excess collagen, blood flow is restricted, can't filter properlty |
| biliary disease (3) | bile canaculi -autoimmune-obstruction |
| portal hypertension - | blood pressure in portal venous - |
| ascites | fluid in peritoneal cavity - 500 ml at least--abdominal distension |
| What is in ascites | salts; proteins- mesothelial cells - neutrophils |
| infarct | an area of necrosis in a tissue or organ resulting from obstruction of the local circulation by a thrombus or embolus |
| conjugated | to unite (as with the elimination of water) so that the product is easily broken down |
| conjugated hyperbilirubinemia | "broken down" bilirubin |
| unconjugated bilirubin is _____ in water? | unsoluble-cannot be excreted in urine |
| "unconjugated" bilirubin | blood - can't break down or get rid of it |
| 3 most common causes of jaundice | hemolytic anemia, hepatitis, obstruction of bile flow |
| ascites "sheets" | sheets of water cascading |
| hepatitis type A | common-highly contagious-food & water |
| hepatitis type B | blood, secretions & stool |
| Type C | "C for contact" with needles, blood transfusions |
| hepatitis type D | "D for dogged" by type B --severe & lead to fulminant hepatitis |
| Type E | "E for extra" travel to endemic area |
| prodromal stage-hepatitis | a premonitory symptom of disease -- called also prodroma "before the drama" |
| prodromal stage | fatigue, fever-liver swells |
| "icleric" phase | yellow - shows in skin as bilirubin accumulates |
| hepatic steatosis | "stear-atosis" fat accumulates like beefy meat |
| alcoholic hepatitis | fibrous tissue - scarred liver |
| tylenol's effect on live | "tie lines" vascular lesions |
| wilson's disease | can't excrete copper |
| cholestasis | bile accumulates - obstruction to biliary tree |
| hypoalbuminema | causes edema |
| hyperammonemis | defective urea cycle |
| hepatocellular carcinoma | liver cell --can't resect--can be fatal |
| cirrhosis means | progressive fibrosis |
| eophageal varices | esophagus has "varicose veins" little crack |
| encephalopathy | a disease of the brain; especially : one involving alterations of brain structure |
| portal hypertensions | the portal vein from liver is blocked or affected |
| Intra hepatic portal hypertenstion | cirrhosis blocks normal flow through liver |
| post-hepatic | right heart failure --backs up |
| PRE hepatic | thrombosis (coming somewhere else-BEFORE getting to liver) |
| congestive splenomegaly | abnormal enlargement of the spleen |
| how does portal hypertension affect the spleen? | enlarges-swells |
| icteric | of, relating to, or affected with jaundice |
| acute hepatitis-does it always show jaundice? | no-can be anicteric or icteric |
| cholestasis | "cola stays" bile plugs up liver canalicul |
| canaliculi | one of the narrow spaces between cells in the anastomosing cords of cells that make up a liver lobule |
| neutrophils | a granulocyte that is the chief phagocytic white blood cell |
| antitrypsin deficiency | AAT - autosomal recessive disorder - lack of protein causes tissue-destructive enzymes to run amok |
| skin spider angiomata | form on skin from portal hypertension? |
| atresia | absence or closure of a natural passage of the body <atresia of the small intestine> |
| biliary atresia | in babies, biliary is not ready-need liver transplant-can be fatal |
| Budd-Chiaria Syndrome | "this bud's not for you" - thrombosis blocks liver-due to pregnancy, oral contraceptives--causes sluggish blood flow through liver |
| cholelithiasis | gallstones |
| what are gallstones made of? | cholesterol - 80% - calcium salts |
| cholecystitis | inflammation of gallbladder |
| what is characteristic of neoplasm? | loss of responsivenss to normal growth controls |
| tumor | neoplastic growth |
| cancer latin | "crab" |
| benign tumors - how indicated | "oma" ex. tumor in fibrous tissue is "fibroma" |
| adenoma | glands or look like glands |
| papilloma | "butterfly" have finger like fronds |
| polyp | a mass that projects above a mucosal surface |
| malignant neoplasms-how indicated | sarcoma ex. a cancer in fibrous tissue would be a fibrosarcoma |
| epithelial cell cancers | carcinomas |
| parenchymal cells in cancer-are they alike? | Yes, they look as if they all came from one cell |
| poorly differentiated carcinoma | (blank) |
| stroma | supporting framework for cells - the spongy protoplasmic framework of some cells (as a red blood cell) |
| anaplasia | reversion of cells to a more primitive or undifferentiated form |
| How to tell benign from malignant cancer (5) | differentiation, anaplasia , rate of growth, local invasion and metastasis |
| anaplasia means | "to form backward" - |
| pleomorphism | variation in size and shape |
| mitoses of cancer cells | abnormal, numerous--cells lose polarity, grow in sheets |
| do cancer cells act like real cells? | sometimes-they retain functions & secrete hormones (if they are from endocrine glands) |
| do cancer excrete strange substances? | Yes, they produce "ectopic" hormones |
| encapsulation (an enclosing fibrous capsule) is charactieristic of what type of tumor? | benign |
| hematogenous spread of cancer | sarcomas and carcinomas spread through blood |
| pleomorphism | cells look differentthe quality or state of having or assuming various forms : |
| hyperchromatic nuclei | nuclei look & stain different |
| carcinoma in situ | cancer throughout entire thickness of epithelium |
| do cancers have "stem" cells | yes, it appears that one cell creates clones |
| "seeding" of cancer | ovarian cancer - cancer invades a natural body cavity |
| lymphatic drainage | cancer spreads through lymph system ex. breast cancer |
| inherited cancer | childhood retinoblastoma - familial |
| oncogenes | gene having the potential to cause a normal cell to become cancerous |
| paracrine | of, relating to, promoted by, or being a substance secreted by a cell and acting on adjacent cells <paracrine stimulation of tumor growth -- |
| growth promoting proto oncogenes | (blank) |
| apoptosis | altered - as cancer grows |
| inactivation of cancer suppressor genes | allows uncontrollable growth |
| what makes cancer grow? | 1.Mutation -then oncogenes grow, apoptosis is altered and cancer suppressor genes are de-activated |
| oncoproteins | oncogenes encode oncoproteins - growth factor protein goes crazy |
| cell proliferation | binding of growth factor- |
| 6 characteristics of cancer cells | self-sufficient; evade apoptosis; limitless replication; invade & metastisize; no growth inhibition; genomic instability |
| P53 | a tumor suppressor gene that in a defective form tends to be associated with a high risk of certain cancers (as of the colon, lung, and breast) |
| P53 | "after fifty it's not thrifty"-supposed to be a tumor suppressor gene, but it fails in breast & other cancers |
| P53 | loss of this gene is found in the top killers: lung, breast & colon |
| hirschsprung disease | congenital megacolon "colon sprung up big" |
| angiodysplasia | bleeding of colon |
| malabsorption symptoms | (blank) |
| Barrett's esophagus | metaplasia of the lower esophagus that is characterized by replacement of squamous epithelium with columnar epithelium, occurs especially as a result of chronic gastroesophageal reflux, and is associated with an increased risk for esophageal carcinoma -- |
| Barrett's esophagus | cancer from reflux disease |
| atresia -small bowel | failure of small bowel--cannot live |
| duplication | two sets of intestines |
| omphalocele | protrusion of abdominal contents through an opening at the navel occurring especially as a congenital defect |
| meckel's diverticulum | the proximal part of the omphalomesenteric duct when persistent as a blind fibrous tube connected with the lower ileum |
Created by:
walterina4327