| Flap 1 |
Flap 2 |
| Exrection rate of creatinine is the product of ? |
GFR and plasma creatinine concentration. When GFR decreases, the plasma creatinine concentration continues to increase until the rate of creatinine excretion becomes equal to the rate of production. Subsequently, the serum BUN increases. |
| Acetazolamide and furosemide do what to plasma potassium levels? |
they cause hypokalemia |
| Wilm's tumor |
most common renal malignancy in children (2-4 yo). Presents with huge palpable flank mass, hemihypertrophy. Deletion of tumor suppresor gene WT1 on chr.11; can be part of WAGR complex |
| Von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL) is a rare inherited genetic condition involving? |
the abnormal growth of tumors in parts of the body which are particularly rich in blood supply |
| transitional cell carcinoma |
most common tumor or urinary tract. Painless hematuria is suggestive of bladder cancer. Associated with problems in your "Pee SAC": Phenacetin, Smoking, Aniline dyes, and Cyclophosphamide. |
| renal papillary necrosis is associated with? |
1. Diabetes mellitus 2. Acute pyolonephritis 3. Chronic phenacetin use (acetaminophen is a derivative of phenacetin). 4. Sickel cell anemia |
| What is Fanconi's syndrome? and what are its complications? |
Defect of proximal tubule transport of amino acids, glucose, phosphate, uric acid, protein, and electrolytes. Complications: rickets, osteomalacia, hypokalemia, and metabolic acidosis. |
| Medullary cystic disease |
Medullary cysts; ultrasound shows small kidney; POOR PROGNOSIS |
| Medullary Sponge disease |
Collecting ducts cysts. GOOD prognosis |
| Effects of hypokalemia on ECG? |
U waves, flattened T waves, arrhythmias, paralysis |
| Effects of hyperkalemia on ECG? |
Peaked T waves, wide QRS, arrhythmias |
| Hypoparathyroidism is associated with what? |
tetany, carpopedal spasms, muscle and abdominal cramps, tingling of lips and hands, a positive Chvostek sign (tapping the face in front of ear eliciting tetany of facial muscles), positive Trousseau sign, hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia. |
| What are some possible treatment measures of hypoparathyroidism? |
1. Calcium supplementation (intravenous and/or oral) 2. Vit. D preperations (e.g., egocalciferol, calcitriol, or calcefediol) 3. Magnesium supplementation if hypomagnesemia is present |
