| Flap 1 |
Flap 2 |
| Actinic keratosis |
Often precedes squamous cell carcinoma |
| Addison’s disease |
1° adrenocortical deficiency |
| Albright’s syndrome |
Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, precocious puberty, café-au-lait spots, short stature, young girls |
| Albuminocytologic dissociation |
Guillain-Barré (↑ protein in CSF with only modest ↑ in cell count) |
| Alport’s syndrome |
Hereditary nephritis with nerve deafness |
| Anti–basement membrane antibodies |
Goodpasture’s syndrome |
| Anticentromere antibodies |
Scleroderma (CREST) |
| Anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies (ANA antibodies) |
SLE (type III hypersensitivity) |
| Anti–epithelial cell antibodies |
Pemphigus vulgaris |
| Antigliadin antibodies |
Celiac disease |
| Antihistone antibodies |
Drug-induced SLE |
| Anti-IgG antibodies |
Rheumatoid arthritis |
| Antimitochondrial antibodies |
1° biliary cirrhosis |
| Antineutrophil antibodies |
Vasculitis |
| Antiplatelet antibodies |
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura |
| Arachnodactyly |
Marfan’s syndrome |
| Argyll Robertson pupil |
Neurosyphilis |
| Arnold-Chiari malformation |
Cerebellar tonsillar herniation |
| Aschoff bodies |
Rheumatic fever |
| Atrophy of the mammillary bodies |
Wernicke’s encephalopathy |
| Auer rods |
Acute myelogenous leukemia (especially the promyelocytic type) |
| Autosplenectomy |
Sickle cell anemia |
| Babinski’s sign |
UMN lesion |
| Baker’s cyst in popliteal fossa |
Rheumatoid arthritis |
| “Bamboo spine” on x-ray |
Ankylosing spondylitis |
| Bartter’s syndrome |
Hyperreninemia |
| Basophilic stippling of RBCs |
Lead poisoning |
| Becker’s muscular dystrophy |
Defective dystrophin; less severe than Duchenne’s |
| Bell’s palsy |
LMN CN VII palsy |
| Bence Jones proteins |
Multiple myeloma (kappa or lambda Ig light chains in urine), Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia (IgM) |
| Berger’s disease |
IgA nephropathy |
| Bernard-Soulier disease |
Defect in platelet adhesion |
| Bilateral hilar adenopathy, uveitis |
Sarcoidosis |
| Birbeck granules on EM |
Histiocytosis X (eosinophilic granuloma) |
| Bloody tap on LP |
Subarachnoid hemorrhage |
| “Blue bloater” |
Chronic bronchitis |
| Blue-domed cysts |
Fibrocystic change of the breast |
| Blue sclera |
Osteogenesis imperfecta |
| Boot-shaped heart on x-ray |
Tetralogy of Fallot; RVH |
| Bouchard’s nodes |
Osteoarthritis (PIP swelling 2° to osteophytes) |
| Boutonnière deformity |
Rheumatoid arthritis |
| Branching rods in oral infection |
Actinomyces israelii |
| “Brown tumor” of bone |
Hemorrhage causes brown color of osteolytic cysts: 1. Hyperparathyroidism 2. Osteitis fibrosa cystica (von Recklinghausen’s disease) |
| Brushfield’s spots |
Down syndrome |
| Bruton’s disease |
X-linked agammaglobulinemia |
| Budd-Chiari syndrome |
Posthepatic venous thrombosis |
| Buerger’s disease |
Small/medium-artery vasculitis |
| Burkitt’s lymphoma |
8:14 translocation; associated with EBV |
| Burton’s lines |
Lead poisoning |
| C-ANCA, P-ANCA |
Wegener’s granulomatosis, polyarteritis nodosa |
| Café-au-lait spots on skin |
Neurofibromatosis |
| Caisson disease |
Gas emboli |
| Calf pseudohypertrophy |
Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy |
| Call-Exner bodies |
Granulosa-theca cell tumor of the ovary |
| Cardiomegaly with apical atrophy |
Chagas’ disease |
| Cerebriform nuclei |
Mycosis fungoides (cutaneous T-cell lymphoma) |
| Chagas’ disease |
Trypanosome infection |
| Chancre |
1° syphilis (not painful) |
| Chancroid |
Haemophilus ducreyi (painful) |
| Charcot’s triad |
Multiple sclerosis (nystagmus, intention tremor, scanning speech), cholangitis (jaundice, RUQ pain, fever) |
| Charcot-Leyden crystals |
Bronchial asthma (eosinophil membranes) |
| Chédiak-Higashi disease |
Phagocyte deficiency |
| Cherry-red spot on macula |
Tay-Sachs, Niemann-Pick disease, central retinal artery occlusion |
| Cheyne-Stokes respirations |
Central apnea in CHF and ↑ intracranial pressure |
| “Chocolate cysts” |
Endometriosis (frequently involves both ovaries) |
| Chronic atrophic gastritis |
Predisposition to gastric carcinoma |
| Chvostek’s sign |
Hypocalcemia (facial muscle spasm upon tapping) |
| Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina |
DES exposure in utero |
| Clue cells |
Gardnerella vaginitis |
| Codman’s triangle on x-ray |
Osteosarcoma |
| Cold agglutinins |
Mycoplasma pneumoniae, infectious mononucleosis |
| Cold intolerance |
Hypothyroidism |
| Condylomata lata |
2° syphilis |
| Continuous machinery murmur |
Patent ductus arteriosus |
| Cori’s disease |
Debranching enzyme deficiency |
| Cotton-wool spots |
Chronic hypertension |
| Cough, conjunctivitis, coryza + fever |
Measles |
| Councilman bodies |
Toxic or viral hepatitis |
| Cowdry type A bodies |
Herpesvirus |
| Crescents in Bowman’s capsule |
Rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis |
| Crigler-Najjar syndrome |
Congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia |
| Curling’s ulcer |
Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns |
| Currant-jelly sputum |
Klebsiella |
| Curschmann’s spirals |
Bronchial asthma (whorled mucous plugs) |
| Cushing’s ulcer |
Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury |
| D-dimers |
DIC |
| Depigmentation of neurons in substantia nigra |
Parkinson’s disease (basal ganglia disorder––rigidity, resting tremor, bradykinesia) |
| Dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea |
Pellagra (niacin, vitamin B3 deficiency) |
| Diabetes insipidus + exophthalmos + lesions of the skull |
Hand-Schüller-Christian disease |
| Dog or cat bite |
Pasteurella multocida |
| Donovan bodies |
Granuloma inguinale |
| Dressler’s syndrome |
Post-MI fibrinous pericarditis |
| Dubin-Johnson syndrome |
Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver) |
| Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy |
Deleted dystrophin gene (X-linked recessive) |
| Eburnation |
Osteoarthritis (polished, ivory-like appearance of bone) |
| Edwards’ syndrome |
Trisomy 18 associated with rocker-bottom feet, low-set ears, heart disease |
| Eisenmenger’s complex |
Late cyanosis shunt (uncorrected L → R shunt becomes R → L shunt) |
| Elastic skin |
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome |
| Erb-Duchenne palsy |
Superior trunk brachial plexus injury (“waiter’s tip”) |
| Erythema chronicum migrans |
Lyme disease |
| Fanconi’s syndrome |
Proximal tubular reabsorption defect |
| “Fat, female, forty, and fertile” |
Acute cholecystitis |
| Fatty liver |
Alcoholism |
| Ferruginous bodies |
Asbestosis |
| Gardner’s syndrome |
Colon polyps with osteomas and soft tissue tumors |
| Gaucher’s disease |
Glucocerebrosidase deficiency |
| Ghon focus |
1° TB |
| Gilbert’s syndrome |
Benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia |
| Glanzmann’s thrombasthenia |
Defect in platelet aggregation |
| Goodpasture’s syndrome |
Autoantibodies against alveolar and glomerular basement membrane proteins |
| Gowers’ maneuver |
Duchenne’s (use of patient’s arms to help legs pick self off the floor) |
| Guillain-Barré syndrome |
Idiopathic polyneuritis |
| “Hair-on-end” appearance on x-ray |
β-thalassemia, sickle cell anemia (extramedullary hematopoiesis) |
| Hand-Schüller-Christian disease |
Chronic progressive histiocytosis |
| HbF |
Thalassemia major |
| HbS |
Sickle cell anemia |
| hCG elevated |
Choriocarcinoma, hydatidiform mole (occurs with and without embryo) |
| Heberden’s nodes |
Osteoarthritis (DIP swelling 2° to osteophytes) |
| Heinz bodies |
G6PD deficiency |
| Henoch-Schönlein purpura |
Hypersensitivity vasculitis associated with hemorrhagic urticaria and URIs |
| Heterophil antibodies |
Infectious mononucleosis (EBV) |
| High-output cardiac failure (dilated cardiomyopathy) |
Wet beriberi (thiamine, vitamin B1 deficiency) |
| HLA-B27 |
Reiter’s syndrome, ankylosing spondylitis |
| HLA-DR3 or -DR4 |
Diabetes mellitus type 1 (caused by autoimmune destruction of β cells) |
| Homer Wright rosettes |
Neuroblastoma |
| Honeycomb lung on x-ray |
Interstitial fibrosis |
| Horner’s syndrome |
Ptosis, miosis, and anhidrosis |
| Howell-Jolly bodies |
Splenectomy (or nonfunctional spleen) |
| Huntington’s disease |
Caudate degeneration (autosomal dominant) |
| Hyperphagia + hypersexuality + hyperorality + hyperdocility |
Klüver-Bucy syndrome (amygdala) |
| Hyperpigmentation of skin |
1° adrenal insufficiency (Addison’s disease) |
| Hypersegmented neutrophils |
Macrocytic anemia |
| Hypertension + hypokalemia |
Conn’s syndrome |
| Hypochromic microcytosis |
Iron deficiency anemia, lead poisoning |
| Increased α-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid/maternal serum |
Anencephaly, spina bifida (neural tube defects) |
| Increased uric acid levels |
Gout, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, myeloproliferative disorders, loop and thiazide diuretics |
| Intussusception |
Adenovirus (causes hyperplasia of Peyer’s patches) |
| Janeway lesions |
Endocarditis |
| Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction |
Syphilis—overaggressive treatment of an asymptomatic patient that causes symptoms due to rapid lysis |
| Job’s syndrome |
Neutrophil chemotaxis abnormality |
| Kaposi’s sarcoma |
AIDS in MSM (men who have sex with men) |
| Kartagener’s syndrome |
Dynein defect |
| Kayser-Fleischer rings |
Wilson’s disease |
| Keratin pearls |
Squamous cell carcinoma |
| Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules |
Diabetic nephropathy |
| Klüver-Bucy syndrome |
Bilateral amygdala lesions |
| Koilocytes |
HPV |
| Koplik spots |
Measles |
| Krukenberg tumor |
Gastric adenocarcinoma with ovarian metastases |
| Kussmaul hyperpnea |
Diabetic ketoacidosis |
| Lens dislocation + aortic dissection + joint hyperflexibility |
Marfan’s syndrome (fibrillin deficit) |
| Lesch-Nyhan syndrome |
HGPRT deficiency |
| Lewy bodies |
Parkinson’s disease |
| Libman-Sacks disease |
Endocarditis associated with SLE |
| Lines of Zahn |
Arterial thrombus |
| Lisch nodules |
Neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen’s disease) |
| Low serum ceruloplasmin |
Wilson’s disease |
| Lucid interval |
Epidural hematoma |
| “Lumpy-bumpy” appearance of glomeruli on immunofluorescence |
Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis |
| Lytic bone lesions on x-ray |
Multiple myeloma |
| Mallory bodies |
Alcoholic liver disease |
| Mallory-Weiss syndrome |
Esophagogastric lacerations |
| McArdle’s disease |
Muscle phosphorylase deficiency |
| McBurney’s sign |
Appendicitis |
| MLF syndrome (INO) |
Multiple sclerosis |
| Monoclonal antibody spike |
Multiple myeloma (called the M protein; usually IgG or IgA), MGUS (monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance), Waldenström’s (M protein = IgM) macroglobulinemia |
| Myxedema |
Hypothyroidism |
| Necrotizing vasculitis (lungs) and necrotizing glomerulonephritis |
Wegener’s and Goodpasture’s (hemoptysis and glomerular disease) |
| Needle-shaped, negatively birefringent crystals |
Gout |
| Negri bodies |
Rabies |
| Nephritis + cataracts + hearing loss |
Alport’s syndrome |
| Neurofibrillary tangles |
Alzheimer’s disease |
| Niemann-Pick disease |
Sphingomyelinase deficiency |
| No lactation postpartum |
Sheehan’s syndrome (pituitary infarction) |
| Nutmeg liver |
CHF |
| Occupational exposure to asbestos |
Malignant mesothelioma |
| “Orphan Annie” nuclei |
Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid |
| Osler’s nodes |
Endocarditis |
| Owl’s eye |
CMV |
| Painless jaundice |
Pancreatic cancer (head) |
| Palpable purpura on legs and buttocks |
Henoch-Schönlein purpura |
| Pancoast’s tumor |
Bronchogenic apical tumor associated with Horner’s syndrome |
| Pannus |
Rheumatoid arthritis |
| Parkinson’s disease |
Nigrostriatal dopamine depletion |
| Periosteal elevation on x-ray |
Pyogenic osteomyelitis |
| Peutz-Jeghers syndrome |
Benign polyposis |
| Peyronie’s disease |
Penile fibrosis |
| Philadelphia chromosome (bcr-abl ) |
CML (may sometimes be associated with AML) |
| Pick bodies |
Pick’s disease |
| Pick’s disease |
Progressive dementia, similar to Alzheimer’s |
| “Pink puffer” |
Emphysema (centroacinar [smoking], panacinar [α1-antitrypsin deficiency]) |
| Plummer-Vinson syndrome |
Esophageal webs with iron deficiency anemia |
| Podagra |
Gout (MP joint of hallux) |
| Podocyte fusion |
Minimal change disease |
| Polyneuropathy, cardiac pathology, and edema |
Dry beriberi (thiamine, vitamin B1 deficiency) |
| Polyneuropathy preceded by GI or respiratory infection |
Guillain-Barré syndrome |
| Pompe’s disease |
Lysosomal glucosidase deficiency associated with cardiomegaly |
| Port-wine stain |
Hemangioma |
| Positive anterior “drawer sign” |
Anterior cruciate ligament injury |
| Pott’s disease |
Vertebral tuberculosis |
| Pseudopalisade tumor cell arrangement |
Glioblastoma multiforme |
| Pseudorosettes |
Ewing’s sarcoma |
| Ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis |
Horner’s syndrome (Pancoast’s tumor) |
| Rash on palms and soles |
2° syphilis, Rocky Mountain spotted fever |
| Raynaud’s syndrome |
Recurrent vasospasm in extremities |
| RBC casts in urine |
Acute glomerulonephritis |
| Recurrent pulmonary Pseudomonas and S. aureus infections |
Cystic fibrosis |
| Red urine in the morning |
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria |
| Reed-Sternberg cells |
Hodgkin’s lymphoma |
| Reid index (increased) |
Chronic bronchitis |
| Reinke crystals |
Leydig cell tumor |
| Reiter’s syndrome |
Urethritis, conjunctivitis, arthritis |
| Renal cell carcinoma + cavernous hemangiomas + adenomas |
von Hippel–Lindau disease |
| Renal epithelial casts in urine |
Acute toxic/viral nephrosis |
| Rhomboid crystals, positively birefringent |
Pseudogout |
| Rib notching |
Coarctation of aorta |
| Roth’s spots in retina |
Endocarditis |
| Rotor’s syndrome |
Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia |
| Rouleaux formation (RBCs) |
Multiple myeloma |
| Russell bodies |
Multiple myeloma |
| S3 |
Left-to-right shunt (VSD, PDA, ASD), mitral regurgitation, LV failure (CHF) |
| S4 |
Aortic stenosis, hypertrophic subaortic stenosis |
| Schiller-Duval bodies |
Yolk sac tumor |
| Senile plaques |
Alzheimer’s disease |
| Sézary syndrome |
Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma |
| Sheehan’s syndrome |
Postpartum pituitary necrosis |
| Shwartzman reaction |
Neisseria meningitidis |
| Signet-ring cells |
Gastric carcinoma |
| Simian crease |
Down syndrome |
| Sipple’s syndrome |
MEN type IIa |
| Sjögren’s syndrome |
Dry eyes, dry mouth, arthritis |
| Skip lesions |
Crohn’s |
| Slapped cheeks |
Erythema infectiosum (fifth disease) |
| Smith antigen |
SLE |
| “Smudge cell” |
CLL |
| Soap bubble on x-ray |
Giant cell tumor of bone |
| Spike and dome on EM |
Membranous glomerulonephritis |
| Spitz nevus |
Benign juvenile melanoma |
| Splinter hemorrhages in fingernails |
Endocarditis |
| Starry-sky pattern |
Burkitt’s lymphoma |
| “Strawberry tongue” |
Scarlet fever |
| Streaky ovaries |
Turner’s syndrome |
| String sign on x-ray |
Crohn’s disease |
| Subepithelial humps on EM |
Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis |
| Suboccipital lymphadenopathy |
Rubella |
| Sulfur granules |
Actinomyces israelii |
| Swollen gums, bruising, poor wound healing, anemia |
Scurvy (ascorbic acid, vitamin C deficiency)—vitamin C is necessary for hydroxylation of proline and lysine in collagen synthesis |
| Systolic ejection murmur (crescendo-decrescendo) |
Aortic valve stenosis |
| t(8;14) |
Burkitt’s lymphoma (c-myc activation) |
| t(9;22) |
Philadelphia chromosome, CML (bcr-abl hybrid) |
| t(14;18) |
Follicular lymphomas (bcl-2 activation) |
| Tabes dorsalis |
3° syphilis |
| Tendon xanthomas (classically Achilles) |
Familial hypercholesterolemia |
| Thumb sign on lateral x-ray |
Epiglottitis (Haemophilus influenzae) |
| Thyroidization of kidney |
Chronic bacterial pyelonephritis |
| Tophi |
Gout |
| “Tram-track” appearance on LM |
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis |
| Trousseau’s sign |
Visceral cancer, pancreatic adenocarcinoma (migratory thrombophlebitis), hypocalcemia (carpal spasm) |
| Virchow’s node |
Left supraclavicular node enlargement from metastatic carcinoma of the stomach |
| Virchow’s triad |
Pulmonary embolism (triad = blood stasis, endothelial damage, hypercoagulation) |
| von Recklinghausen’s disease |
Neurofibromatosis with café-au-lait spots |
| von Recklinghausen’s disease of bone |
Osteitis fibrosa cystica (“brown tumor”) |
| Wallenberg’s syndrome |
Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery thrombosis |
| Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome |
Adrenal hemorrhage associated with meningococcemia |
| Waxy casts |
Chronic end-stage renal disease |
| WBC casts in urine |
Acute pyelonephritis |
| WBCs in urine |
Acute cystitis |
| Wermer’s syndrome |
MEN type I |
| Whipple’s disease |
Malabsorption syndrome caused by Tropheryma whippelii |
| Wilson’s disease |
Hepatolenticular degeneration |
| “Wire loop” appearance on LM |
Lupus nephropathy |
| “Worst headache of my life” |
Berry aneurysm—associated with adult polycystic kidney disease |
| Xanthochromia (CSF) |
Subarachnoid hemorrhage |
| Xerostomia + arthritis + keratoconjunctivitis sicca |
Sjögren’s syndrome |
| Zenker’s diverticulum |
Upper GI diverticulum |
| Zollinger-Ellison syndrome |
Gastrin-secreting tumor associated with ulcers |
