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Phys
Final review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the function of the acrosome reaction? | to digest plasma membrane |
| What is the function of the cortical reaction? | releases enzymes that inactivates sperm binding cite |
| What even causes the oocyte to complete the 2nd meiotic division? | fertilization |
| What tissue in the developing embryo produces a gonadotropic hormone? | Trophoblast produces HCG and develops into placenta |
| What is tissue produces estrogen and progesterone in the late stages of pregnancy? | placenta |
| Which blood-born leukocyte is most numerous? | Neutrophyls - phagocyte |
| What is the blood cell that produces macrophages? | monocytes |
| What is the role of macrophages and where do they live? | Phagocytes and they live in tissues |
| What is the role of dendritic cells? | antigen presenting |
| What is the role of a mast cell and where do they live? | mediate allergic responses and release histamine and they live in tissue |
| What are the primary immunce cells that mediate the nonspecific responses to pathogens? | Phagocytes – primarily macrophages |
| How are pathogens recognized by phagocytes? | receptors recognize classes |
| How are pathogens destroyed by phagocytes? | phagocytosis |
| How are immune cells recruited to the site of tissue damage/ pathogen infiltration? | chemotaxic cytokines |
| What causes redness? | increase in blood to that cite |
| What causes swelling? | increase in permeability of membrane, causes edema |
| What causes pain? | chemicals being released |
| How do interferons exert their antiviral effects? | general response to an infection keeps virus from replicating |
| What are the primary lymph organs and what is their function? | Bone marrow makes lymphocytes and thymus regulates maturation of T cells |
| What are the secondary lymph organs? | Spleen and lymph nodes |
| What structures serve as compartments for immune surveillance of the lymphatic circulation? | lymph nodes |
| What structures serve as compartments for immune surveillance of the plasma? | spleen |
| What is a lymphocyte clone? | each lymphocyte that replicates has a specific antibody or T cell receptor |
| What is the main function of B lymphocytes? | antibodies |
| What is the main function of cytotoxic T lymphocytes? | recognizes antigens infected cells and kills them |
| What is the main function of helper T lymphocytes? | amplifies immune response to that specific antigen |
| What is an antigen? | a foreign molecule |
| What is an antibody? | secreted B cell immunoglobin |
| What is the functional difference between a B cell receptor and a T cell receptor? | B cell doesn’t have to see MHC but T cell does |
| What is opsinization? | antibodies coats bacteria |
| How do antibodies serve as Neutralization? | antibody inactivates virus |
| How do antibodies serve as facilitation of phagocytosis? | Fc receptor (macrophages) |
| How do antibodies serve as compliment activation? | forms a pore in virus cell membrane |
| What is the MHC? What is its significance? | Membrane histocompatibilty complex, no two people have same MHC (self vs. nonself) |
| What is the distinction between MHC I and MHC II molecules? | MHC I resides in all nucleated cells and MCH II resides in antigen presenting cells |
| What type of MHC molecules do helper T cells recognize? | MHC II |
| What type of MHC molecules do cytotoxic T cells recognize? | MHC I |
| What is the function of antigen presentation by APCs? | So the antigen pieces can be recognized by the helper T cells |
| What is the function of antigen presentation by a tissue cell? | so the cytotoxic T cells recognize it |
| What does clonal expansion refer to and what’s its purpose? | one clone divides and proliferates and recognizes infection, purpose to go out and find infected cells |
| What is a plasma cell and its function? | B cell that is activated (encountered antigen), function to secrete antibodies |
| What is a memory cell? | B or T lymphocytes that stay in the body |
| What is the mechanism responsible for an enhanced immune response following a second encounter with an antigen? | memory cells |
| What is the humoral response? What lymphocytes are involved? What type of pathogen attack is it aimed at? | blood born B cells, antibodies formed, extracellular microbes |
| What is a cell-mediated response? What lymphocytes are involved? What type of pathogen attack is it aimed at? | intracellular, cytotoxic and helper T cells |
| What is the mechanism of an allergic response? What cell type is involved? | B cells and mast cells. IGE type antibodies bind to mast cells and release histamine |
| What is the BER and how does it spread throughout GI smooth muscle? | basic electrical rhythm, spread via gap junctions throughout gut |
| How is the BER modified to produce more or less contraction of GI smooth muscle? | BER modifies strength of contraction by depolarizing stimuli |
| How does peristalsis differ from segmentation? | Peristalsis is the propulsion mvmt while segmentation is the mixing movements |
| What directly controls the motility of the gut? | Gastrointestinal walls |
| What indirectly controls the gut motility? | CNS |
| What part of the nervous system mediates the “anticipatory” stimulation of gastric secretions? | Brain |
| What gastric hormone is released during the cephalic phase? | gastrin |
| What gastric hormone is released during the gastric phase? | secretin and CCK |
| What are the local stimuli that activates gastric secretions? | increase in acid, fat, amino acid, hypertonicity, distension |
| What are the two target organs of secretin and how does it effect them? | gallbladder (contracts), and sphincter of oddi (relaxes) |
| What is the postabsorptive state? | to maintain plasma glucose concentration |
| What 2 hormones control the transition between postabsorptive and absorptive states? | Insulin: Glucagon |
| What cells produce insulin? | Beta pancreatic cells |
| What cells produce glucagon? | Alpha pancreatic cells |
| What are the main target organs for insulin? | muscle, adipocytes and liver |
| What is the main target organ of glucagon? | liver |
| How does exercise exert its effects on plasma metabolites? | epinephrine is released and causes an increase in plasma glucose, FA, and glycerol. |
| What hormone controls metabolic rate? | thyroid |
| What is the integrator for control of metabolic rate and body temp? | hypothalamus |
Created by:
Kayerenee