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respiratory
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| primary muscles of respiration | diaphragm & intercostals |
| hypoventilation (pH) | increases CO2 levels, lowers pH |
| hyperventilation (pH) | decreases CO2 levels, raises pH |
| CO2 becomes what in blood | carbonic acid (product of ? in blood) |
| sternal angle | angle of louie |
| apex | top of lungs (above clavicle) |
| # of rib pairs | 12 pairs |
| # ribs attached to sternum | 7 pairs |
| # rib pairs attached to costal cartilage | 3 pairs |
| # rib pairs floating | 2 pairs |
| mediastinum | middle of thoracic cavity (esophagus, trachea, heart, great vessels) |
| shorter lung | right lung (because of liver) |
| narrower lung | left lung (because of heart) |
| lung with 3 lobes | right lung |
| lung with 2 lobes | left lung |
| posterior view of lungs | mostly lower lung for both; upper lobe T1-T3 or T4 |
| anterior view of lungs | contains mostly upper and middle lobe; very little lower lobe |
| trachea bifurcation | sternal angle |
| pneumothorax | pleural space filled with air |
| dyspnea | shortness of breath (SOB) |
| normal AP to transverse diameter | 1:2 |
| resonance | normal percussion sound over healthy lung tissue |
| hyperresonance | too much air present in lung tissue |
| dullness | abn/inc. density in lungs= pneumonia, pleural effusion, atelectasis, tumor |
| bronchial/tracheal breath sounds | loud; inspiration<expiration; harsh/hollow/tubular; over trachea & larynx |
| bronchovesicular breath sounds | moderate amp; inspir=expir; mixed quality; over major bronchi- sternal border, 2nd & 3rd ICS |
| vesicular breath sounds | soft; inspir>expir; rustling, like wind; over peripheral lung fields |
| fine crackles | high pitched, short popping sounds, do not clear with cough (alveoli sticking together) |
| course crackles | loud, low pitched, bubbling/gurgling sounds; start early in inspir, maybe present in expir (pneumonia, CHF-> pulm. edema) |
| fine crackles | sounds like: rubbing hair together |
| course crackles | sounds like: velcro |
| wheeze (sibilant) | high pitched, musical squeeking, polyphonic; mostly in expiration, maybe both; air passing through narrowed bronchioles (bronchitis/asthma) |
| wheeze (sonorous) | low pitched; monophonic; musical snoring/moaning sound. prominent on expir; may clear somewhat with cough; air passing through narrowed bronchus |
| stridor | high pitched; monophonic; inspiratory; crowing sound; louder in neck than chest wall (croup) |
| stridor | sounds like: barking when inhaling |
| aging respiratory system | * less mobile thorax= more shallow breaths *dec. respiratory muscle strength *dec. elasticity within lungs= lungs don't recoil and push air out as well -> decreased vital capacity, increased residual volume |
Created by:
allisonfay