| Question |
Answer |
| Respiratory Acidosis is caused by |
Over-anesthesia, Lung diseases, Damage to respiratory center |
| Metabolic Acidosis is caused by |
Severe diarrhea, Diabetes mellitus, high intesity exercise, kidney failure |
| Effects of Acidosis on Body |
Disorientation, Coma, Death, Lower pH limit of 6.8-7.0 |
| Respiratory alkalosis is caused by |
Fever, Aspirin poisoning, high altitude |
| Metabolic alkalosis is caused by |
Vomiting, excessive sodium bicarbonate ingestion |
| Effects of alkalosis on body |
overexcitability of nervous system, tetany, death, upper limit of pH 7.8-8.0 |
| Liters of water in body |
40 liters |
| Percent of body weight from water |
50-60% |
| % of body weight from ICF |
35-40% |
| % of body weight from ECF |
10-20% |
| % of body weight from Interstitial fluid |
10-15% |
| % of body weight from Plasma |
4-5% |
| Causes of Dehydration/Hypovolemia |
vomiting, diarrhea, loss of blodd, drainage from burns, lack of ADH due to diabetes insipidus |
| Symptoms of Dehydration/Hypovolemia |
Loss of weight, rise in body temperature, increased heart rate and cardiac output, decreased blood pressure, decreased urine |
| Causes of hypervolemia |
excessive IV administration, psychotic drinking, renal failure leading to decreased urinary output |
| Symptoms of hypervolemia |
decreased body temp., increased blood pressure, edema, weight gain, vomiting, convulsions, coma |
| ADH |
antidiuretic hormone regulates water loss |
| What regulates ADH and oxytosin? |
Hypothalamus and posterior pituitary |
| Maltose |
glucose+glucose |
| Sucrose |
glucose+fructose |
| Lactose |
glucose+galactose |
| Lipid structure |
three fatty acids attached to a glycerol |
| butyric structure |
CH3-(CH2)2-COOH |
| palmitic structure |
CH3-(CH2)14-COOH |
| Stearic structure |
CH3-(CH2)16-COOH |
| Oleic |
one double bond |
| Linoleic |
two double bonds |
| Linolenic |
three double bonds |
| # of cells in body |
75-100 trillion |
| # of types of cells |
200-250 |
| tissue types |
epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous |
| normal pH |
7.4 |
| normal glucose |
80-100 mg/100ml |
| Feedback systems' three parts |
monitoring receptor, control center, reactor |
| % of plasma membrane from protein |
55% |
| % of plasma membrane from carbohydrate |
2% |
| % of plasma membrane from lipid |
43% |
| space between two walls of nuclear membrane |
perinuclear cisterna |
| Rough ER synthesized proteins destination |
outside of cell |
| destination of free ribosome synthesized proteins |
within cell |
| Vitamin A intoxication |
cause lysosomes to rupture, destroying intracellular material |
| Rheumatoid arthritis |
Lysosomes release enzymes into joint capsule and digest surrounding tissue |
| Atrophy of the uterus |
lysosome digestive activity |
| Erythrocytes |
red blood cells |
| Leukocytes |
white blood cells |
| Thrombocytes |
platelets |
| % of whole blood from plasma |
53-60% |
| % of whole blood from formed elements |
40-47% |
| plasma is made up of |
water 90%, proteins 7%, electrolytes urea glucose etc. 3% |
| hematocrit is made up of |
erythrocytes 4.5-5.5 million/mm^3, leukocytes 6-10 thousand/mm^3, patelets 150-400 thousand/mm^3 |
| leukocytes are made up of |
Neutrophils 60-70%, Eosinophils 2-4%, Basophils .15%, Lymphocytes 20-25%, Monocytes 3-8% |
| serum |
plasma minus the coagulation factors |
| Albumin |
functions in osmotic pressure regulation |
| Globulins |
Alpha, Beta, and Gamma |
| Alpha and Beta globulin |
carrier vehicles to prevent substances in blood (e.g. hormones) from leaving the capillary too rapidly |
| Gamma Globulin |
Natural and acquired immunity – Antibodies |
| Origin of Albumin and the alpha and beta globulins |
formed in the liver |
| Origin of Gamma globulins |
formed in the lymphoid tissues of the reticulo-endothelial system (found in the bone marrow, spleen, liver, and lymph nodes) |
| Erythrocyte Characteristics |
no nucleus, can’t multiply, biconcave discs, no nucleus or e.r., no protein synthesis |
| Erythrocyte function |
transport hemoglobin (oxygen) and CO2 |
| What increases erythrocytes? |
Altitude, muscular exercise, temperature, age (higher in infants) |
| Erythropoiesis |
production of red blood cells |
| Hematopoiesis |
production of all blood cells |
| location of early embryo rbc synthesis |
yolk sac |
| location of middle pregnancy rbc synthesis |
liver, spleen, bone marrow |
| location of adult rbc synthesis |
vertebrae, ribs, sternum |
| pathway for erythropoiesis |
stem cell, proeryrthroblast, basophilic erythroblast, polychromatophilic, erythroblast, normoblast (nucleus lost), reticulocyte, mature RBC |
| Life span of RBC |
120 days |
| # of RBC destroyed per sec and per day |
2.5 million, 216 billion |
| # of molecules of Hb/RBC |
200 million |
| hemoglobin structure |
protein globin and four hemes |
| structure of heme |
porphyrin with Fe++ in middle |
| % of RBC is made of Hb |
34% |
| grams of Hb in 100 ml of blood |
15g |
| ml of oxygen that combines with each gram of Hb |
1.34ml |
| ml of O2 for 100ml of blood |
20ml |
| oxyhemoglobin |
hemoglobin when saturated with 02 |
| carbamino hemoglobin |
CO2 with Hb |
| carboxy hemoglobin |
CO with Hb |
| biliverdin |
porphyrin with the ring broken |
| bilirubin |
biliverdin is converted to bilirubin to be excreted |
| jaundice |
accumulation of bilirubin (caused by liver disease, excess red cell destruction, bile duct obstruction |
| anemia |
decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of blood |
| symptoms of anemia |
pale skin, fatigue, rapid heart rate |
| types of anemia |
hemorrhagic, aplastic, nutritional, pernicious, hemolytic, folic acid deficiency |
| hemorrhagic anemia |
blood loss |
| aplastic anemia |
bone marrow destruction-cancer, too many x-rays, chemicals, drugs |
| Nutritional anemia |
not enough iron |
| folic acid deficiency anemia |
impairs normal mitosis |
| pernicious anemia |
vit B12 deficiency which is required for bone marrow maturation; parietal cells in stomach make instrinsic factor necessary for vit B12 absorption |
| Hemolytic anemia |
RBC destruction (sickel cell, erythroblastosis fetalis, lead/arsenic poisoning) |
| polycythemia |
too many RBC |
| secondary polycythemia |
elavation; no RBC pathology |
| primary polycythemia (erythremia) |
tumor of bone marrow-sluggish blood |
| # of leukocytes |
6-12,000/mm^3 (production rate is equal to or greater than that of RBC's) |
| lifespan of leukocytes |
4 days to months |
| location of leukocytes |
most found outside circulation |
| two types of leukocytes |
granulocytes, agronulocytes |
| types of granulocytes |
neutrophils, eosonophils, basophils |
| types of agranulocytes |
lymphocytes, monocytes |
| % of each leukocyte making up all leukocytes |
neutrophils 65-70, lymphocytes 20-24, monocytes 5, eosinophils 1-2, basophils 0-.5 |
| production sites of leukocytes |
embryo-bone marrow, liver, spleen; adult-granulocytes-bone marrow, agranulocytes-lymphoid tissues |
| diapedesis |
ability to squeeze through capillary walls (leukocyte ability) |
| chemotaxis |
substance released from infected area to attract leukocytes |
| fxn of neutrophils |
acute conditions; phagocytosis and NET fibers |
| fxn of eosinophils |
allergic conditions |
| fxn of basophils |
secrete anticoagulant heparin and histamine which are important in allergic rxns |
| fxn of lymphocytes |
immune response |
| fxn of B-lymphocytes |
produce antibodies |
| fxn of T-lymphocytes |
destroy specific target cells |
| fxn of monocytes |
chronic conditions; phagocytosics; macrophages which live for months or years |
| leukemia |
too many leukocytes which are immature and useless; not enough RBC's and platelets |
| leukopenia |
not enough WBC's' caused by radiation, drugs, chemicals |
| # of Thrombocytes |
platelets- 150-350,000/mm^3 |
| formation of thrombocytes |
bone marrow form megakaryocyte cells where pieces of the cytoplasm chip off and are platelets |
| thrombopoietin |
thrombocyte production stimulant |
| life span of thrombocyte |
8 days to many months |
| fxn of thrombocytes |
clotting; platelet plug |
| platelet chemicals which stimulate vasoconstriction and make other platelets sticky |
ADP, serotonin, thromboxane A2 |
| platelet chemicals stimualting contraction |
myosin and actin |
| PGI2-prostacyclin |
inhibitor of platelet aggregation |
| nitric oxide |
inhibitor of platelet aggregation |
| Thrombocytopenia |
abnormally low # of platelets; exessive bleeding |
| thrombocytopenia purpura |
purple spots on skin from poor blood clotting |
| pathway for blood clot |
prothrombin activator activates prothrombin into thrombin which activates fibrinogen into a lose and then tight fibrin clot; Ca++ is needed to clot |
| syneresis |
clot retraction |
| clotting factors 1-11 |
1.fibrinogen 2.prothrombin 3.tissue thromboplastin 4.calcium 5.accelerator globulin 6.none 7.serum prothrombin conversion accelerator 8.antihemophilic globulin (on X chromosome) 9.Christmas factor 10.stuart-power factor 11.plasma thromboplastin antecedent |
| clotting factors 12-13 |
12.Contact factor (initiates the overall rxn) 13.Fibrin stabilizing factor |
| Anticoagulants |
Dicoumarol (Coumadin), Heparin, Citrates, Oxalates, EDTA, smooth inside surface of blood vessel |
| Dicoumarol (Coumadin) |
interferes with vit K and thus factors 7,9,10 |
| heparin |
interferes with thrombin and prothrombin formation (from basophils) |
| citrates, oxalates, edta |
tie up calcium to stop clotting |
| edta |
oj simpson |
| fibrinolysis |
lysis of clots; plasminogen makes plasmin which degrades fibrin |
| conditions that cuase excessive bleeding in humans |
liver disease (decreased clotting factors), vit K deficiency (decreased formation of prothrombin), hemophilia (lack of factor 8 or 9 or any other), thrombocytopenia (decreased platelets) |
| Thrombocytopenia |
decreased platelets (less than 50,000) |
| Thrombus |
clot attacched to blood vessel wall |
| embolus |
clot that detaches from the wall and floats freely |
| external defense against disease |
skin, digestive tract, respiratory tract, genitourinary tract |
| two types of immunity |
non-specific and specific |
| non-specific immunity |
inflammation, interferon, fever, natural killer cells, complement system |
| specific immunity |
responds selectively to invaders (antigens) with antibodies which is an immune reaction |
| two types of specific immune responses |
humoral immunity, cell-mediated immunity |
| humoral immunity |
B-lymphocytes secrete antibodies into the blood and lymph |
| cell-mediated immunity |
T-lymphocytes attack host cells that are infected |
| autoimmunity |
formation of antibodies against a person's own tissues |
| examples of autoimmunity |
rheumatic fever, grave's disease |
| rheumatic fever |
antibodies produced against streptococcus bacteria cross react with the heart and kidney tissues |
| grave's disease |
antibodies that stimulate the thyroid gland- mimic TSH |
| when are blood antibodies formed (ABO) |
2-8 months after birth; max levels at 8-10 years |
| agglutinins |
clumping of blood cells from a transfusion reaction |
| how many Rh blood types are there |
6 C,D,E,c,d,e |
| % of people who are Rh+ |
85% |
| erythroblastosis fetalis |
hemolytic anemia in the newborn Rh positive baby caused by meternal antibodies against the Rh factor that hvae crossed the placenta |
| Rhogam |
antibodies against the Rh factor |
Buen Viaje lv.2 ch 8
