| Flap 1 | Flap 2 |
| Lung sounds that are ascultated over most of the lung fields are called ______________ sounds. | vesicular |
| _____________ is a measure of distensibility, or strectchibility of the lung and chest wall. | Compliance |
| Respirations that are prolonged or gasping, followed by inefficient expirations, are termed ______________ | apneustic. |
| One method to assess placement of the endotracheal tube is to mark the tube at the ______________ | lip line. |
| Closed-system; method of aspirating secretions while keeping the patient ventilated. | In-line suction |
| Increases functional residual capacity | Positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) |
| Insertion of endotracheal tube | Intubation |
| Method of weaning from mechanical ventilation | T-piece trail |
| Paralyzes the respiratory muscles to facilitate ventilation | Neuromuscular blockage |
| Positive pressure ventilation that ensures a preset rate at a preset volume | Assist/control ventilation |
| Provides short-term ventilatory support, such as treatment of acute pulmonary edema | Noninvasive ventilation |
| Used to ventilate a patient manually | Bag-valve-mask |
| What is incorrect in regards to care of the mechanically ventilated patient? | A physician's order is needed to brush the patient's teeth. |
| What is a common complication of endotracheal intubation? | Tube placed in the right mainstem bronchus. |
| What often occurs when PEEP is used? | Cardiac output may decrease. |
| What breath sound has course, low-pitched characterisitcs and is usually continuous? | Sonorous wheeze |
| What is true in regards to endotracheal suctioning? | Suction time should not exceed 10 to 15 seconds. |
| Respirations in individuals with normal lung function are stimulated by: | High levels of carbon dioxide |
| Compliance increases with: | Emphysema |
| A PaCO2 greater than 45 mm Hg indicates: | Respiratory acidosis |
| If the low-exhaled volume alarm is sounding on a mechanical ventilator, the nurse should: | Assess to see that the ventilator is attached to the endotracheal tube |
| Weaning from long-term mechanical ventilation: | Often combines T-piece trials, SIMV, and pressure support |
| Assess the following arterial blood gases: pH—7.48, PaCO2—33 mm Hg, HCO2—20 mEq/L, PaO2 85 mm Hg. | Fully compensated metabolic acidosis; normal oxygenation |
| _______________ is an adjunct to mechanical ventilation that helps to decrease the work of breathing. | Pressure support |
| The endotracheal tube must be positioned above the bifurcation of the bronchus, known as the ______. | carina |
| In order to give informed consent, a person must be competent or have the ability to __________ the facts given. | understand |
| Not initiating life support is known as __________. | withholding |
| Removing life support once it has been initiated is known as __________. | withdrawing |
| DNR refers to medical orders for ______________. | "Do Not Resuscitate" |
| An end-tidal CO2 detector assists in verifying endotracheal tube placement. | True |
| Cyanosis is an early sign of hypoxemia. | False |
| Mechanical ventilation is commonly used in critical care settings and it has a low risk for complications. | False |
| Pulse oximetry is a noninvasive method to measure arterial oxygen saturation. | True |
| Respiratory acidosis may occur when a patient hyperventilates. | False |
| Saline should be routinely instilled into endotracheal tubes to loosen secretions from the respiratory tract. | False |
| Ventilator-associated pneumonia can be prevented by suctioning the patient every 2 hours. | False |
| The etiology of pulmonary edema in acute respiratory distress syndrome is related to: | Damage to the alveolar-capillary membrane |
| Mrs. Clemons presents to the emergency department in acute respiratory distress. She has a longstanding history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. What position would be best tolerated? | Stretcher with head of bed as high as it will go |
| Which of the following is appropriate for initial treatment of hypoxemia in Mrs. Clemons? | Oxygen via venturi-mask at 40% oxygen |
| Which of the following is not a symptom of a pulmonary embolus? | Pleural friction rub |
| A physiologic consequence of acute respiratory distress syndrome is: | Decreased compliance |
| _________ is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that causes hyperresponsiveness to allergens, viruses, or other irritants. | Asthma |
| A ________________ is a clot or plug of material that lodges in the pulmonary vasculature. It may result from a deep vein thrombosis (DVT), a fat embolism from a long bone fracture, septic vegetation, or an iatrogenic catheter fragment. | pulmonary embolus |
| A common nursing diagnosis for patients with respiratory failure, regardless of etiology, is ____________________. | impaired gas exchange |
| Acute respiratory distress syndrome results in _______________ pulmonary edema. | noncardiogenic |
| Impaired diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the alveolar-capillary membrane | diffusion defects |
| Leads to reduced alveolar ventilation and may result from drug overdose or neurological disorders | Hypoventilation |
| Rate of ventilation is not equal to the amount of perfusion | Ventilation-perfusion mismatching |
| Unoxygenated blood is returned to the left side of the heart secondary to lungs that are adequately perfused but not ventilated | Intrapulmonary shunting |
| Hypoxemia that occurs at high altitudes | Decreased barometric pressure |
| Virchow's triad refers to: | Mechanisms that favor the formation of thrombi |
| Mrs. Leoni is hospitalized with respiratory distress caused by emphysema. She is being treated with O2 via a Venturi mask with 35% oxygen because: | Her respiratory center requires low O2 concentration to stimulate breathing. |
| Mr. Leoni is visiting his wife at the hospital. When you comment that he is doing pursed lip breathing, he explains that he has COPD. You know this helps him by: | Helping him to lengthen inspiration and shorten expiration |
| You would document presence of atelectasis when you hear: | Decreased or absent breath sounds in some areas |
| Symptoms of early respiratory failure are: | Irritability and restlessness |
| Baseline ABGs for a COPD patient might show: | PaO2 55 and PaCO2 55 |
| ____________________ is a clot or plug of material that lodges in the pulmonary vasculature and can be life threatening. | Pulmonary embolism |
| Reduced alveolar ventilation is called _____________ and may result from drug overdose or neurologic disorders. | hypoventilation |
| Intrapulmonary _______ occurs when unoxygenated blood is returned to the left heart secondary to lung areas that are adequately perfused but not ventilated. | shunting |
| Failure of _________ is detected by values of PaCO2. | ventilation |
| The most severe acute lung injury is called ________________________. | acute respiratory distress syndrome |
| ____________________________ is a progressive disease characterized by airflow obstruction, resulting from emphysema or chronic bronchitis. | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
| Acute exacerbation of asthma is called ______________. | status asthmaticus |
| Bronchospasm and cor pulmonale are frequently seen in patients with COPD. | True |
| Caloric needs of ARDS patients are approximately half the normal values. | False |
| Changes in personality and disorientation are late changes in patients with ARDS. | False |
| PaCO2 decreases by approximately 4 mm Hg every decade of life. | False |
| Positioning the patient with unilateral lung disease with the good lung down maximizes perfusion to that side. | True |
| Studies have shown that the prone position can improve oxygenation in ARDS patients. | True |
| Tidal volumes larger than 10 ml/kg on a mechanical ventilator are now being recommended for patients with decreased lung compliance as seen in ARDS. | True |
| Ventilator associated pneumonia most often results from aspiration of condensation in the ventilator tubing. | False |
