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BioChem1100
Lab Exam #2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Erlenmeyer flask | Funny shape-enclosed funnel |
| organic chemistry | study of carbon and carbon containing compounds |
| hydrocarbons | Organic molecules consisting of only two elements, hydrogen and carbon |
| Hydrocarbons are ____ polar - are they water soluble? | Nonpolar - NOT water soluble |
| hydrocarbons have relatively _____ melting and boiling points--they are volatile | LOW melting and boiling points |
| Alkanes | Single bonded carbons with hydrogens saturating any bond not used by carbon |
| Alkenes | alkenes-tweens-twins - have DOUBLE bonds (at least one pair) |
| Alkynes | hydrocarbons with at least 1 pair shring a triple bond |
| Aromatics | hydrocarbons that have a benzene ring - a 6 carbon ring structure with alternating double bonds |
| benzene ring | Aromatic structure |
| nucleotide | macromolecule containing a suger (deoxyribose) a phosphate & a nitrogen base |
| eukaryotic cells | You-care cells (plants and animals) have a nucleus |
| prokaryotic cells | Bacteria - do not have a nucleus |
| plasma membrane | Cells are composed of layers (remember blue sticks with white heads floating in oil) |
| Phopholipid bilayer = plasma membrane | the cell's plasma membrane is selectively permeable - restricts access--also surrounds cell, gives it shape |
| cytoplasm | the Matrix of the cell |
| robisomes - | nucleoproteins acattered throught the cytoplasm |
| ribosomes attach to | mRNA and provide a place for the joing of amino acids in translation |
| mitochondria | contain enzymes necessary for aerobic metabolism |
| DNA is found in __________ chromosomes in cells ______ | Circular chromosomes in the cells cytoplasm |
| lysate | When cell contents are released into solution--it contains all of the bacterial cell contents |
| Protease | Enzyme that will break down proteins in lysate & make it easier to extract DNA |
| carbohydrates | Polyhydric alcohols that have a carbonyl group |
| Carbonyl group | C==O - Carbon, double-bond Oxygen - in aldehydes & ketones |
| Carbonyl group | "bones" form the basis - C==Oxygen |
| Carboxyl group | C==O-OH (Carbon double-bond Oxygen with OH group) |
| Hydroxyl | -OH group - means that the molecule is an alcohol |
| Monosaccharides | Single sugars - glucose is the most common |
| Glucose | Glucose is a six cabronpolyhydric compound with an aldehyde group (aldohexose) |
| Two other monosaccharides | Fructose & galactose |
| Disaccharides | Are carbohydrates that have two sugars-formed from 2 monosaccharides |
| How are disaccharides formed? | Fromed from 2 monosaccharides in a CONDENSATION REACTION |
| Glycosidic linkage | Bond formed between two sugars |
| What two sugars bond, what is lost? | A molecule of water is lost |
| What is the most abundant polysaccharide on earth? | Cellulose |
| Why must disaccharides be broken down? | They are too large to be taken into the cell |
| How do you break the disaccharide | Water must be added to the bond |
| When you break the disaccaride bond with water, what is this process called? | Hydrolysis |
| Polysaccharides | Very long chains of glucose molecules |
| What is the purpose of polysaccharides? | To store energy- |
| Humans can store a limited amount of glucose as | the animal starch glycogen - in human liver and (limited extent) muscles |
| Glycogen (animal starch) is composed of | Glycogen is a polysaccharide with chains of glucose |
| Benedict's Test for Reducing sugards | A solution used to test for glucose and other reducing sugars |
| Why is it blue | because of the presence of cupric ion (Cu2+) |
| How does Benedict's reagent work? | The cupric ion with react with an aldehyde group to form cuprous oxide (Cu2O) a reddish colored |
| What will give a positive Benedict's test? | Those carbohydrates that contain a glucose or any other chemical with an UNATTACHED ALDEHYDE group |
| In a test with Benedict's reagent, the greate the color change.... | the more glucose is present |
| Benedict's reagent - glucose gives color... | Red-brown-burnt sienna |
| Benedict's reagent..lactose gives | red-brown layer |
| sucrose gives... | Blue - no change |
| starch give... | blue - no change |
| Why did starch and sucrose fail to react? | Because they do not have a free aldehyde group as glucose does |
| Aldehyde are defined as... | Contain a carbonyl group C==O |
| Testing urine for glucose-the test strip is coated with________ | enzymes that will react specifically with glucose to produce a color change |
| acid | a substance that dissolves in water and procudes hydrogen ions H+ - All acids are proton donors |
| Base | A substance that dissolve in water and produces hydroxide ions (OH-) accoring to the arrhenioius theory-a proton acceptor |
| Anions and cations in the body | In clinical setting, ions are referred to as electrolytes (also called minerals) |
| Na+ - electrolyte | Maintain water balance (in fluid surrounding cells) |
| K+ | water balance, conduct nerve impulses, contract muscles |
| Mg2+ | bone mineral, transmit nerve impulses |
| Ca2+ | bone formation, nerve impulse, muscle contraction, blood coagulation |
| Cl- | maintain fluid balance, make HCl in stomach |
| HCO3 | part of blood buffer system |
| HPO42- | Part of buffer system, minimizes changes in pH |
| Equivalents (Eq) | An "equivalent" of an electrolyte is an amount that produces 1 mole of charge. |
| Acid | Turn a strip of blue litmus _______ |
| Base | Turn a strip of red litmus ______ |
| pH measures the power of the ______ | measures the power of the H+ ion (in order to balance electrolytes in the body) |
| pH units are like earthquakes because | each change in concentration represents a large change in ion concentration |
| Neutralization | When equal strengths of acid and base react they form water and a salt |
| Buffer | a system designed to minimize changes in pH |
| Buffers are made up of | a weak acid or a weak base, and the salt of the week acid or base |
| Our body uses buffers to... | minimize pH changes in the blood |
| Example of a buffer | H2CO3 (carbonic acid) and NaHCO3 (sodium bicarbonate |
| Neutral pH | 7 |
| Neutral pH (measured by conduction apparatus) | 0 |
| 0.9% NaCL measures ___ in the conduction test, meaning that it is | a strong electrolyte |
| sugar measured zero on conductivity test, meaning | it is a NON-CONDUCTOR |
| vinegar measter 7 on the conductivity test, meaning | it is a strong electrolyte |
| Buffers experiment | (blank) |
| How does an anion differ from a cation? | a NEGATIVELY charged ion |
| What charge does a cation have | A POSITIVE charge - jumps like a cat! |
| What is the pH of human blood | 7.35 to 7.45 |
| Lipids are famous for... | NONpolar nature and Lack of water solubility |
| Wax & steroids are | Lipids |
| triglycerides are | lipids |
| fatty acids are.. | carboxylic acids found in lipids |
| Carboxylic acids are | organic compounds with the carbonoxyl functional group |
| ester linkage | (blank) |
| Potato (and most cells) have ________ to protect them from hydrogen peroxide | Cells have the enzyme CATALASE |
| How does catalase protect the cells | Catalase breaks the hydrogen peroxide (2H2O2) into water & oxygen |
| How did the catalase in the potato react when exposed to the hydrogen peroxide? | The catalase produced oxygen bubbles |
| When did catalase perform the best? | At room temperature - potatoes grow in the ground |
| Deoxyribonucleic acid | double helix - a polymer of nucleotides |
| Nucleotide | A Macromolecule containing a sugar, a phosphat and a nitrogen base |
| What are the four types of nitrogen base found in DNA? | Adenine (A) - Guanine (G), Cytosine (C) and Thymine (T) |
| In DNA, when Thymine is on the steps of the ladder, then | Adenine is with it |
| In DNA, when Guanine is on the step | Cytosine is always with it |
| Prokatyotic cells are | bacteria - no NUCLEUS |
| Plasma membrane | A phospholipid bilayer which protects the cell by restricting access - but is SELECTIVELY permeable |
| In addition to its barrier function , the plasma membrane | gives cell its shape |
| Cytoplasm | Matrix of the cell - aqueous mixture - that is a solution, a suspension and a colloid |
| nucleus is in a | Eukaryotic cell |
| Nuclear envelope | maintains integrity of the nucleus-keepsp genetic material separate |
| Nucleolus | Dark staining spots where ribosomes are made |
| Ribosomes | produced in nucleolus |
| ribosomes work by | attaching to mRNA and provide a place for joining amino acids in translation |
| mitochondria | Kidney-shaped - "Mighty" work of making energy for cell |
| Golgi body | folded-up |
| Blue thing in membrane model (box with blue plastic straws & blue thing floating in it) | MEMBRANE channel - protein channel |
| Which nitrogen base complements Adenine? | Thymine (T) |
| What are three components of a nucleotide? | DNA - a polymer of nucleotides - three components are sugar (deoxyribose) a phosphate and a nitrogen base |
| NUCLEOTIDE means | DNA |
| DNA nucleotides contain (3) | Deoxyribose (the sugar), a phosphate (P) and nitrogen base |
| alkane | (Cane) single-bonded chains with hydrogens on each carbon (saturating) |
| alkenes | Teens-tweens - at least one double bond |
| alkynes | triple bond - |
| Aromatics - | Benzene ring |
| glycosidic bond | bond that forms when the hydroxyl group of one monosaccharide reacts with the hydroxly group of another monosaccharide |
| hydroxyl group | (blank) |
| NuCLEo TIDE | Nitrogen, Sugar-cleo & Tide with Phosphate |
Created by:
walterina4327