Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Biochem.tri-c.edu
Organic.chap11.17
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Organic chemistry | Study of carbon compounds (not just living cells) |
| Characteristics of organic compounds | a.) Nonpolar-attractions between molecules are weak 2. Low boiling & melting points 3. High flammability 4.Most or not soluble in water unless a polar group is present |
| Hydrocarbons | Organic compounds that contain ONLY hydrogen and carbon |
| In organic compounds, every carbon atom ALWAYS has four bonds - true or false? | TRUE |
| Tetrahedral structure of carbon | Can be drawn as ball-and-stick model, etc. |
| Alkanes | Class or family of organic compounds that a.) contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms and b.) ONLY form single bonds |
| Alkanes (examples) | Many are fuels - methane, ethane, propane and butane |
| Alkanes (structure) | Contain two, three, four, etc. carbon atoms connected in a CONTINUOUS CHAIN |
| Pent | 5 |
| Hex | 6 |
| Hept | 7 |
| Oct | 8 |
| non | 9 |
| dec | 10 |
| Condensed structural formula | write each carbon atom & its attached hydrogen atom as a group |
| Alkyl group | A carbon branch - an alkane that is missing on hydrogen atom |
| Can Alkyl groups exist on their own? | No, they must be attached to a carbon chain |
| A halogen atom attached to a carbon chain | a HALO group - Remember the halogen group? |
| Halogen group molecules: | Fluoro (F), Chloro (CL), Bromo (Br), and Iodo (I) |
| Substituent | 1.) alkane with four or more carbon atoms, 2. atoms can be arranged so that a side or BRANCH or SUBSTITUENT |
| Isomer | Two compounds - SAME molecular formula but different ARRANGEMENTS of atoms |
| Haloalkane | Halogen atoms (flourine, bromine, chlorine, iodine) instead of hydrogen (alkyl group) these are halo-alkanes |
| alkanes | gasoline, diesel fuels, heating oil, mineral oil, petrolatum |
| Alkanes - solubility and density | nonpolar (insoluble in water) BUT they are soluble with other nonpolar solutes (other alkanes) - Less dense than water (they float) |
| First 4 alkanes | methane, ethane, propane and butane-are gases at room temperature - used as heating fuels |
| Alkanes have 5-8 carbon atoms | Pentane, hexane, heptane & octane - are liquids at room temperature, volatile |
| Alkanes with 9-17 carbon atoms | Kerosene, diesel, & jet fuels -higher boiling points - higher molecular weights |
| Alaknes with 18 or more carbon atoms | Waxy solids at room temperature-paraffins - coat fruit - petrolatum or Vasline, is a mixture of liquid hydrocarbons |
| Alkanes - melting and boiling | Lowest melting & boiling of all organic compounds |
| Carbon-carbon bonds - combustion | Carbon-carbon single bonds are difficult to break-alkanes are the LEAST reactive family BUT they burn readily in oxygen |
| Combustion | Alkane + O2 ------ CO2 + H2) + energy |
| In alkanes, how are carbon atoms classified? | Primary-1 degree - carbon is bonded to another carbon - Secondary - 2 degree--carbon has two carbon atoms attached to it - Tertiary - 3rd degree carbon-bonded to three other carbons |
| halogenation of Alkanes (substitution) | Atoms of a halogen (fluorine, bromine, chlorine, iodine) replace hydrogen atoms - when exposed to light or heated |
| Chlorination | When the process of HALOGENATION (replacing a hydrogen atom with a halogen-group atom) uses chlorine |
| Bromination | When halogenation uses bromine |
| Halogenation - compare to hydrogen bonding | Halogens have 7 valence electrons; therefore they form one bond |
| Functional groups | compounds react in predictable ways |
| Alkenes | Functional group - contains a double bond between two adjacent carbon atoms |
| Alkynes | Contain a triple bond between two adjacent carbon atoms |
| Aromatic compounds | Contain Benzene - a molecule with a ring of six carbon atoms with one hydrogen atom attached to each carbon atom |
| Aromatic compounds | Benzene ring |
| Alcohol | Have a hydroxyl group (-----OH) Oxygen plus carbon equals alcohol! |
| Ethers | Functional group - one oxygen atom bonded to two carbon atoms |
| Aldehydes & ketones | Contain carbonyl group C===O (Carbon double-bonded to oxygen |
| Aldehyde | Caron atom of the carbonyl group is bonded to one carbon & one hydrogen atom |
| Ketone | Carbonyl group is bonded to two other carbon atoms |
| Amines | Central atom is nitrogen atom |
| Amines | Derivatives of ammonia NH3 - carbon atoms replace one, two or three of the hydrogen atoms |
| AmiDDDDe | Instead of hydroxyl group as in carboxylic acid -- there is a nitrogen group |
| shape of carbon atoms | tetrahedral |
| combustion - alkanes | Alkane + O2 ---CO2 + H2O + energy |
| Alcohols | A class of organic compounds that contains the hydroxyl (--OH) group bonded to a carbon atom |
| Aldehydes | A class of organic compounds that contains a carbonyl group (C==O) bonded to a least one hydrogen atom |
| Alkanes | Hydrocarbons containing only single bonds between carbon atoms |
| Alkenes | Hydrocabons that contain carbon-carbon double bonds (C==C) Hint: Alkenes contains two "e" and they contain two "C" bonds |
| What is the degree of angle for the carbon tetrahedron? | 109.5 |
| Cycloalkanes | Carbon atoms form a ring or cyclic structure |
| How do you write name of cycloalkane? | prefix "cyclo" before the alkane name with the same number of carbon atoms |
| What does the IUPAC name indicate in organic molecules? | It indicates the NUMBER of carbon atoms |
| A continuous alkane | Carbon atoms are connected on a chain and bonded to hydrogen atomes |
| Sustituents can replace __________ on an alkane | Sustituents replace hydrogen atoms |
| A Haloalkane contains one or more | F, CL, Br or I atoms |
| condensed structural formula | Show arrangement of carbon atom in a molecule but group each carbon with its bonded hydrogen atom |
| halogenation reaction | A substitution reaction - can occur naturally in light or with heat - halogen atoms replace hydrogen atoms in an alkane |
| line-bond formula | A type of structural formula that shows only the bonds from carbon to carbon |
| Are organic compounds typically solid at room temperature? | No, that is more characteristic of inorganic compounds, which also have high melting & boiling points, are soluble & have strong covalent bonds |
| polymers of alkanes - what are they? How do they occur naturally? | Long-chain molecules that consist of many repeating units of smaller carbon molecules (monomers) Cellulose & starch are polymers of glucose |
| Name two polymers of glucose | Cellulose & starch |
| Name two polymers of amino acids | Proteins are polymers of amino acids |
| Synthetic polymers - Ex. | nonstick Teflon -poly tetra flouro ethylene |
| Aromatic compounds-what is the base? | Benzene "rings" smells |
| Benzene | A ring of 6 carbon atoms with one hydrogen atom attached to each carbon |
| Naming aromatic compounds | ortho (1,2 arrangement) - meta (m) 1,3 arrangement and para (p) is 1,4 arrangement |
| Ortho - di chloro benzene | 1,2 chloro on benzene ring |
| Ortho | "o-o's" don't go very far from each other 1-2 are not far from each other |
| Meta (m) | Meta (m) 1,3 arrangment - "a-e" are three steps apart |
| Para (p) | 1,4 (ara) first are separate by a number from the back of the alphabet |
| sulfanation | "Sulfa saved our nation" sulfa drugs produced by adding sulfur to benzene rings |
| Nitration | Benzene is heated with nitric acid |
| Halogenation | (blank) |
| Markovnikov's rule | (blank) |
| halogenation adds _____ or ______ to form _______ | Halogenation adds Cl2 or Br2 to form haloalkane |
| Hydorhalogenation adds ______ and _______ to form ________ | Hydrohalogenation adds HCl, HBr to form haloalkanes |
| Hydrogenation adds ______ to form _____ | Hydrogenation adds H2 to form Lakanes |
| Hydration adds ______ to form ______ | Hydration adds H2O to form alcohols |
| Aromatic compounds undergo _________ reactions, because they are stable | Aromatic compounds undergo SUBSTITUTION reactions such as halogenation, nitration and sulfonation |
| Unsaturated hydrocarbons | A compound of carbon & hydrogen which contains at least one double or triple bond |
| Cis isomer | A geometric isomer which simlar gropus are connected on the same side of the double bond |
| Trans isomer | A geometric isomer in which similar gropus are connected to opposite sides of the double bond in an alkene |
| Alcohol | A hydroxyl group (--OH) replaces a hydrogen atom in an alkane |
| What makes alcohol in Ohio? | An --OH group bonded to a carbon atom OR A CARBON CHAIN |
| Chain-chain-chain of fools... | When naming alcohols, count longest chain CONTAINING the --OH group |
| Phenol | benzene ring with --OH group |
| ethanol | ethyl alcohol - intoxicating product - ethene plus water used to make commercial alcohols such as varnishes |
| Phenal is part of essential oil of plants | such as eugenol (in cloves0 |
| Why is glycerin good in soaps? | it is a trhydroxy alcohol - the presence of polar --OH groups makes it strongly attracted to water, so that it is useful as a skin softener |
| Thiols | SMell bad - if you had to smell someone thigh - all over -- you'd stink - oysters, cheddar chees |
| What is on the thiols? | an --SH group |
| Ethers | Have OXYGEN atom attached by SINGLE BONDS - to two carbon groups |
| ether (structure) | "Either or" the oxygen is in the middler, the carbon is either on one side or the other, |
| ether (examples) | ethers are anesthetics - inhibit pain signals to the brain |
| Cyclic ethers (example) | Dioxin-formed during forest fires - is highly toxic |
| Cyclic ethers | have an oxygen atom within a carbon ring Di-oxin |
| Alcohol | --OH group replaces a hydrogen atom |
| Phenol | Hydroxyl --OH group is attached to aromatic rings |
| Thiols | family of organic compounds containing sulfhydryl --SH group (similar to alcohol but --SH group takes the place of an --OH group |
| Who wants to smell my thigh--all? | YECCH--skunks, onions, and garlic have THIOL |
| Primary alcohol | One alkyl group (CH3) attched to carbon atom |
| Secondary alcohol | 2 degrees - has two Alkyl (CH3) group attached |
| Tertiary 3 degree | Has three alkyl (CH3) groupps attached to it |
| Phenols | Benzene ring bonded to hydroxyl --OH group |
| Phenol - Beano-drunko | benzene (beano) with hydroxyl group |
| T | (blank) |
| ester | H in carboxyl group is replaced with an alkyl group |
| Esterification | Carboxylic acid and alcohol react (in presence of acid catalyst) to produce an ester |
| Ester (examples) | Aspirin, oil of wintergreen |
| esters - fruits & flowers | give them their fragrance |
| lipids | biomolecules that contain fatty acids or steroid nucleus |
| what type of lipid does NOT contain fatty acids? | steroids |
| Fatty acid formulas | Long line-bond formulas (remember video of guy holding long model) |
| Do fatty acids contain carboxylic acids? | Yes --they are composed of |
| Fatty acid formulas (condensed) | Indicate # of carbon atoms, # of double bonds & the position of the double bonds |
| Saturated fatty acids (naturally occuring) | SINGLE C-C bonds; fit closely together, strong attraction between fatty acid chains MEATS |
| UNsaturated fatty acids | Kinky, loose--liquid-low melting point |
| Prostaglandins - weird name, weird shape | trans double bond on carbon 13 - look like long "U's" |
| Fatty ACID** | a long carbon chain with CARBOXYLIC ACID group at one en |
| Prostaglandins- what number is so associated with them that they are sometimes called ____ | 20 - they have 20 carbons - called "eicos" - greek word for 20 |
| What is structure of most prostoglandins? | hydroxyl group on cabron 11&15 - trans double bond on carbon 13 |
| What do prostaglandins do? | increase blood pressure, cause pain & inflammation in injured tissue |
| Esters | fatty acid plus long-chain alcohol |
| Triacylglycerols | Fatty acids stored in body |
| How are triacylglycerols formed? | "tri" three acyl (the fatty acid?) plus glycerol ( |
| hydrogenation | ADDITION REACTION - Unsaturated fats with Carbon-carbon double bonds to single bonds |
| traicylglycerols - how are they formed? | through esterification - hydroxyl groups ract with carboxyl groups of fatty acids |
| Glycerophospholipid - Structure (think LAB-stuff floating in water) | POLAR head (amino alcohol) with NONPOLAR fatty acid chains - |
| Glycerophospholipid - examples (think brainy - the word is so long you have to be brainy to find it) | Lecithin - in brain & nerve tissues - egg yolks, wheat germ & yeast |
| SPHINGOLIPIDS | found in nerve cells |
| sphingolipids | "SPHinx" has a big head - nerves are in your head |
| sphingomyelin | white matter of myelin sheath--surrounding nerve cells |
| glycosphingolipids & cerebroside | sphingolipids that have sugars (glyco--stupid) |
| gangliosides | "GANG UP - tay-sachs disease-accumulates in body |
| steriod | "steering wheels" - FOUR rings - 3 cyclohexane plus 1 cyclopentane |
| Do steroids contain fatty acids? | NO - and they're non-polar |
Created by:
walterina4327