| QUESTION |
ANSWER |
| What are the two(2) CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDES that interact within BRONCHIAL SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS? |
cAMP (adenyl cyclase) & cGMP (guanyl cyclase) |
| What is cAMP and cGMP net physiologic effect on Bronchial Smooth Muscle? |
cAMP-B2 andrenergic recepror sites are stimulated, uses Mg2+ to convert ATP to cAMP to result in Bronchodilation.cGMP - A-andrenergic receptors stimulated , coverts guanosine triphosphate (GTP) to cyclic GMP |
| What does the A-andrenergic blockade drugs do? |
Influences the biochemical event of preventing guanyl cyclase activation which PREVENTS bronchoconstriction |
| What does B2-andrenergic stimulation drugs do? |
influences the biochemical event of adenyl cyclase activation causing brochodilation |
| What is the purpose of a Phosphodiestrase inhibition medications? |
influences the biochemical event prevents dehydration of cyclic AMP to 5-AMP, thus keeping it active longer which PREVENTS the chance of bronchoconstriction. |
| Whis is the main use of cholinerginergic stimulation medications? |
influences the biochemical event guanyl cyclase activation resulting in bronchoconstriction. |
| Describe the significance of antigen-antibody reactions on the surface of the mast cell? |
When exsposure of an appropriate antigen occurs (2 IgE molecules) of the same specificity, the antibody reaction triggers the biochemical sequence that leads to mast cell degranulation. |
| ALBUTEROL( Ventolin,Proventil) |
B2 stimulation; adenyl cyclase activation, increase in cyclic AMP |
| BITOLTEROL(Tornalate) |
B2 stimulation; adenyl cyclase activation, increase in cyclic AMP |
| PIRBUTEROL(Maxair) |
B2 stimlation; adenyl cyclase activation, increase cyclic AMP |
| TERBUTALINE(Brenthine,Brieanyl) |
B2 stimulation; adenyl cyclase activation, increase in cyclic AMP |
| EPINEPHRINE(Adrenaline) |
B2 stimulation(cardiac);adenyl cyclase activation, increase in cyclic AMP |
| IPRATROPIUM BROMIDE(Atrovent) |
Cholinergic Blockade;prevents guanyl cyclase activation,decrease cGMP |
| OXYTOPIUM BROMIDE(Spiriva) |
cholinergic blockade; prevents guanyl cyclase activation,decreses in cGMP |
| PHENTOLAMINE |
A-BLOCKADE(CARDIAC); PREVENTS guanyl cyclase, Deacrease cGMP |
| TOLAZOLINE(priscoline) |
A-BLOCKADE;PREVENTS guanyl cyclase, decrease cGMP |
| ZAFIRLUKAST(Accolate) |
LEUKOTRIENE MODIFIER;ANTI-INFLAMMATION,BRONCHODILATION |
| MONTELUKAST(Singulair) |
LEUKOTRIENE MODIFIER; ANTI-INFLAMMATION, BRONCHODILATION |
| ZILEUTON(zyflo) |
LEUKOTRIENE MODIFIER; 5' lipoxygenase inhibitor |
| CROMOLYN SODIUM(Intal) |
BLOCKS ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY REACTION; PREVENTS MAST CELL DEGRANULATION AND MEDIATOR RELEADE |
| NEDOCROMIL(Tilade) |
BLOCKS antigen-antibody reaction; PREVENTS mast cell degranulation and mediator release |
| METHYLXANTHINES(Theophyline,caffene,Theobromide,Aminophylline) |
PHOSPHODIESTERASE inhibition; prevents degradation of cyclic AMP to 5'- AMP; increases cAMP |
| ATROPINE |
BLOCKS cholinergic-induced bronchospasm,bronchodilatory action |
| TERBUTALINE |
B2 agonist stimlation during a bronchospasm |
| Relate the utility of cromolyn for the treatment of asthma. |
non-steriodal medication (anti-inflammatory) can reduce the need for quick relivers and reduce bronchial hyperrespnsiveness. also can improve morning peak flow and decrease symptoms of nocturnal asthma |
| Describe the make-up of methemoglobin? |
Ferrous ion (Fe2+) in the heme portion of hemoglobin becomes oxidized to the ferric state (Fe3+);tyrosine substitutes histidine in either A or B chain in the Globin protion of the hemeglobin molecule. tyrosine causes ferrous ion to oxidize to ferric state |
| How does mehemoglobin affect tissue oxygenation? |
I |
| Oxygen attachment on hemoglobin? |
Pyrrole Ferrous ion(heme portion) |
| Attachment od CO2 on hemoglobin? |
Teminal Amine group Globin portion |
| Attachment of H+ on hemoglobin? |
imidazole group on deoxygenated hemoglobin |
| Discuss how coperativity enhances the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin at the lungs and how it facilitates the release of oxygen to the cells at the tissues? |
Cooperativity ehances bonding of oxygen by increasing bonding potentional. Conversely, at the tissue level the unloading of oxygen molecule facilitates the release at oxygen at the other sited |
| 4 factors that inflence oxygen- hemoglobin affinity? |
body temp. , PaCO2, Arterial pH, 2-3-DPG |
| Define Bohr Effect: |
Effect of Carbon Dioxide or (H+) pn uptake and relase of oxygen from the hemoglobin(effect mild) |
| Define Haldane Effect: |
influence of CO2 binding and unbinding on the release and uptake of oxygen , respectively, by the hemoglobin molecule |
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