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Dillion Ch 10
Assessing the Integumentary System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Skin | Largest organ system Provides clues about general health Reflects changes in the environment |
| Skin | Reflects changes in the environment because the integumentary system cells reproduce rapidly and maybe warning signs of health problems |
| Epidermis | Protects against the environment Restricts water loss Is avascular |
| Dermis | Vascular Sensory fibers Autonomic nerve fibers |
| Hypodermis | Subcutaneous tissue Insulation, shock absorber |
| Functions of Skin | Protection Perception Thermal regulation Identification Communication Absorption Excretion Production of Vitamin D |
| Stratum corneum | closely packed dead squamous cells containing keratin (waterproofing) |
| Stratum lucidum | additional layer present only in thicker skin of palms and soles |
| Cellular stratum | Cell synthesis of both keratinocytes and melaninocytes are made in the BASAL cell layer |
| Dermis | CT, Papillae project into epidermis to provide nourishment Autonomic nerve fibers innervate BVs, glands, arrectores “goose bumps” (tiny “hair erector” muscles, due to fear/cold) Collegen, elastin, reticulin fibers provide strength, stability, resillence |
| Hypodermis ( subcutaneous tissue) | Loose connective tissue filled with fatty cells Reserve for calories |
| The Integumentary System is also related to these Other Systems | Respiratory, Digestive, Cardiovascular, Neurological, Urinary |
| Central Cyanosis | Occurs when O2 saturation is <80% and results in diffuse changes in the skin and mucous membranes. |
| Peripheral Cyanosis | Occurs in response to decreased cardiac output, evident in nail beds and lips, also may be evident when an individual is chilled. |
| Jaundice | A yellowish discoloration of the skin that often results when bile excretion is impaired, due to a dysfunctional liver that causes bile build up. |
| Lesions, ulcerations, and necrosis | May develop as a result of alteration in the cardiovascular system, can lead to the development of these |
| Pruritis | Caused by toxin build up - responsible for itching of the skin. |
| Infant Skin | Smooth, pinker/redder skin, partially due to less subcutaneous tissue |
| IApocrine sweat glands begin to function around | 3 months: less oily, no offensive odor |
| Sebum secretion (sebaceous glands) can cause | seborrheic dermatitis |
| Physiologic jaundice | Yellowish staining of the skin and whites of the newborn's eyes (sclerae) by pigment of bile (bilirubin). In newborn babies a degree of jaundice is normal. |
| Seborrheic dermatitis is also known as | cradle cap |
| Apocrine Glands, Adolescent Skin Changes | Enlarge and become active, Increased axillary sweating Onset of body odor |
| Sebaceous Glands, Adolescent Skin Changes | Increase sebum production in response to hormone levels-primarily androgen Skin takes on oily appearance Predisposition to acne |
| Sebaceous and apocrine gland activity in Older Adults | Diminishes Skin is drier Less perspiration produced |
| Epidermis activity in Older Adults | thins and flattens and becomes wrinkled |
| Dermis activity in Older Adults | becomes less elastic, looses collagen and becomes less vascular |
| Nail growth in Older Adults | Nail growth slows & nails become thicker, brittle, hard, yellowish, prone to splitting |
| Age spots, keratotic lesions in Older Adults | increased melanocytes |
| Graying of hair | decrease in melanocytes |
| Hair thinning in Older Adults | axillary, pubic, scalp |
| Assessment findings of Actinic Keratosis | Typically less than 1 cm in diameter Generally on sun-exposed areas of the face, head, neck and hands |
| Assessment findings of Seborrheic Keratosis | Sharply demarcated lesions Brown to black pigmentation Rough, dry surface Elevation, with pasted or stuck-on appearance Surrounding skin generally normal Incidence increases with age Generally found on trunk, although potentially can occur anywhere |
| What determines skin color? | Genetic factors determine the skin color. The greater amount of melanin, the darker the skin color. |
| Expected findings of an infants skin | Smooth, pinker/redder, partially due to less subcutaneous tissue |
| Primary skin lesions (9 listed): | Macule, Patch, Papule, Plaque, Nodule, Pustule, Vesicle, Bulla, Wheal |
| Describe a Macule | Flat, distinct colored area, <1 cm, nonpalpable |
| Describe a Patch | Flat, distinct colored ara, >1 cm, nonpalpable |
| Describe a Papule | Solid, elevation of skin/raised, no visible fluid, <1 cm, superficial |
| Describe a Plaque | Broad, raised area of the skin |
| Describe a Nodule | Slightly elevated lesion/palpable, larger than papules, <2 cm, solid with depth into dermis |
| Describe a Pustule | Small elevation, containing purulent material (pus filled) |
| Describe a Vesicle | Small fluid filled blister <1 cm, palpable |
| Describe a Bulla | Fluid filled blister >5 mm in diameter, palpable |
| Describe a Wheal | Raised, superficial, temporary |
| Signs of Melanoma on the skin | A - Asymmetry, B - Border irregularity/bleeding, C - Color changes or multiple colors, D - Diameter >5 mm |
| Age-related skin lesions of older adults | -Senile lentigines: flat brown macules -Seborrheic keratois: dark, wart-like -Acatinic keratosis: red, scaly, pre-malignant -Skin tags |
Created by:
MEPN 2013
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