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week6Introssocio
Social and Cultural Change
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| age–sex (or age–gender) pyramid; also population pyramid | a graphic representation of the age and gender structure of a society |
| census | a count of the entire population of a country |
| concentric zones model | a theory in urban sociology holding that population characteristics and land use change systematically as you move away from the center of the city, such that they are arranged roughly as a series of rings around the center of the city |
| crude birthrate | the number of babies born each year for every 1000 members of the population |
| crude death rate | the number of deaths each year per 1000 members of the population |
| demographic transition theory | the theory that societies pass through phases based on economic development, which affects the birth and death rates |
| demography | the scientific study of population |
| ecological demography | a field that combines the studies of demography and human ecology |
| ecological globalization | the worldwide dispersion of problems involving relationships between humans and the physical environment |
| emigration (vs. immigration) | migration of people from one society to another (also called out- migration) |
| gentrification | the movement of the upper class into older central-city neighborhoods, leading to renovation of buildings and a turnover in neighborhood population |
| gemeinschaft | German for community, a state characterized by a sense of common feeling among the members of a society, including strong personal ties, sturdy primary group memberships, and a sense of personal loyalty to one another; associated with rural life |
| gesellschaft | German for society, a form of social organization characterized by a high division of labor, less prominence of personal ties, the lack of a sense of community among the members, and the absence of a feeling of belonging; associated with urban life |
| human ecology | the study of the interdependence between humans and their physical environment |
| immigration (vs. emigration) | the migration of people into a society from outside (also called in-migration) |
| infant mortality rate | the number of deaths per year of infants less than one year old, for every thousand live births |
| life expectancy | the average number of years individuals and the group can expect to live |
| Malthusian theory | after T.R. Malthus, the principle that a population tends to grow faster than the subsistence (food) level needed to sustain it |
| Overurbanization | a situation common among less-developed countries, in which the population of cities expands beyond what can be supported by the economy of these cities |
| population density | the number of people per square mile |
| rational choice theory | theory positing that choices human beings make are guided by logical reason |
| sex ratio (gender ratio) | the number of males per 100 females |
| urbanization | the process by which a community acquires the characteristics of city life |
| vital statistics | information about births, deaths, marriages, and migration |
| Social Change & Social Movements Glossary | |
| collective behavior | behavior that occurs when the usual conventions are suspended and people collectively establish new norms of behavior in response to an emerging situation |
| cyclical theory | the idea that societies go through a "life cycle," as for example from idealistic through hedonistic culture and back to idealistic |
| evolutionary theory | the idea that societies go through stages of advancement, as from structurally undifferentiated to more complex and structurally differentiated |
| globalization | increased economic, political, and social interconnectedness and interdependence among societies in the world |
| macrochange | gradual transformations in a society that occur on a broad scale and affect many aspects of a society making cost/benefit analysis in deciding, for example, how many children to have |
| microchange | subtle alterations in the day-today interaction between people, such as a fad "catching on" |
| mobilization | the process by which social movements and their leaders secure people and resources for their movement |
| modernization | a process of social and cultural change that is initiated by industrialization and followed by increased social differentiation and division of labor |
| multidimensional evolutionary theory | a theory predicting that over time societies follow not one but several evolutionary paths |
| new social movement theory | a theory about social movements linking culture, ideology, and identity conceptually to explain how new identities are forged within social movements |
| political process theory | explanation of social movements positing that movements achieve success by exploiting a combination of internal organizational factors as well as external changes in society |
| radical movements | social movements that seek fundamental change in the structure of society |
| reactionary movements | social movements organized to resist change or to reinstate an earlier social order that participants perceive to be better |
| reform movements | social movements that seek change through legal or other mainstream political means, by working within existing institutions |
| resource mobilization theory | theory of how social movements develop that focuses on how movements gain momentum by successfully garnering organizational resources |
| social movements | a group that acts with some continuity and organization to promote or resist change in society |
| unidimensional evolutionary theory | a theory that predicts that societies over time follow a single path from simple and structurally undifferentiated to more complex and structurally differentiated |
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