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cancer pharm
cancer pharmacology for nursing
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What type of drug is cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan)? | alkylating agent |
| What type of drug is nitrogen mustard? | alkylating agent |
| What type of drug is chlorambucil (Leukeran)? | alkylating agent |
| What is cancer? | rapid, uncontrolled cell division |
| Cancer cells invade | surrounding cells |
| What is a carcinogen? | a cancer causing agent |
| Viruses are associated with what percent of all human cancers? | 15% |
| What are oncogenes? | genes that predispose clients to certain cancers |
| What things can be done to help prevent cancer? | eliminate tobacco use,limit alcohol use, reduce animal fats in diet,increase fiber, exercise regularly, keep weight in normal guidelines, exam body monthly for abn skin lesions,highest SPF when in the sun,mammograms as directed, annual DRE/PSA test |
| What tests should be done at age 50? | fecal occult blood test, sigmoidoscopy/colonoscopy |
| What is a neoplasm? | tumor |
| What does the suffix ‘oma’ mean? | tumor |
| What is a tumor? | swelling, enlargement, or mass |
| Characteristics of benign tumors: | grow slowly, do not metastasize, rarely require drug treatment, if surgically removed do not normally grow back |
| What is a benign tumor of glandular tissue called? | adenoma |
| What is a benign tumor of adipose tissue called? | lipoma |
| What are characteristics of malignant tumors? | rapid growth, can easily metastasize, resistant to treatment, normally results in death |
| What are the types of tumors? | carcinoma, sarcoma, leukemia, lymphoma, giloma |
| What are the treatments of cancer? | surgery, radiation, chemotherapy |
| There are greater chances for cure if the cancer is… | treated early. |
| When is surgery performed to remove a tumor? | if it is pressing on nerves, airways, or other vital tissues/it is localized |
| When is surgery on tumors not an option? | tumors of blood cells, would not extend client’s lifespan or improve the quality of life |
| What is radiation therapy? | high doses of ionizing radiation aimed directly at the tumor |
| When is radiation therapy done? | may follow surgery, palliation for inoperable cancers to shrink the size of the tumor |
| Why is radiation used for palliation? | relieve pain, difficulty breathing or swallowing |
| How is chemotherapy transported? | through blood |
| Which chemo drugs are used to treat brain tumors? | those that cross the blood-brain barrier |
| What is the goal of chemo? | reach every cancer cell |
| Which kinds of cancers do we instill the drugs directly into body cavities? | bladder cancers, CNS cancers (intrathecally) |
| Why is chemo given? | attempt to cure, prophylaxis, palliation |
| Chemo is often combined with what to increase chance of cure? | surgery/radiation |
| Why must every cancer cell be destroyed? | even just one could reproduce |
| How many cancer cells does the immune system eliminate? | small amount |
| Which cancer cells are difficult to treat with chemotherapy? | physiology of cancer cells are the same as normal cells |
| Who prepares the chemo agent? | the pharmacist, usually under a hood |
| Who administers chemo? | nurses w/extra education |
| What should be done if chemo infusion extravasates? | notify oncologist, leave the IV in place but shut it off, aspirate as much agent as possible, administer antidote, apply heat/cold/steroid cream as ordered, thorough documentation |
| Why are different classes of antineoplastics given? | different classes affect different stages of the cancer’s life cycle, allows lower doses of each agent |
| Why do we want to give lower doses of antineoplastics? | reduce toxicity, slow development of resistance |
| Why do we give single or multiple doses of antineoplastics over several days? | give normal cells a chance to recover, cancer cells may be more sensitive during the time of the next treatment |
| Which cells are most susceptible to chemo? | rapidly growing cells |
| Why would we push chemo to the maximum possible dosage? | greatest tumor cells killed |
| If we push chemo to the maximum possible dosage (toxicity) and do not see adverse effects, what is happening? | not giving enough drug to kill the cancer |
| What are the adverse effects to the blood with chemo toxicity? | anemia, thrombocytopenia, leucopenia |
| What are the adverse effects to the GI tract with chemo toxicity? | nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia |
| What drugs are given before chemo? | antiemetic meds |
| What are some adverse effects of chemo? | fatigue, opportunistic infections, alopecia, stomatitis |
| What is stomatitis treated with? | ”Magic” mouthwash |
| What is in Magic Mouthwash? | benadryl, Maalox, xylocaine, nystatin |
| What do antineoplastic agents act on? | different parts of the cell cycle |
| What drugs are antineoplastic agents? | alkylating agents, antimetabolites, antitumor antibiotics, plant alkaloids/natural products, hormones and hormone blockers, miscellaneous |
| Which type of antineoplastic drugs are most widely used? | alkylating agents |
| How do alkylating agents work? | form bonds or linkages with DNA, changing the shape of DNA which prevents normal DNA function/kill or slow down replication of tumor cells |
| When do alkylating agents peak? | 1-2 days after administration |
| What interacts with alkylating agents? | echinacea (immune stimulator, interferes with the action) |
| What are the adverse effects of alkylating agents? | bone marrow suppression, damage epithelial cells lining the GI tract |
| Which drugs are chemically similar to essential building blocks of the cell? | antimetabolites |
| How do antimetabolites work? | interfere with nutritional metabolism within the cell |
| What drug does cancer cells use to construct proteins or DNA? | antimetabolites |
| What do antimetabolites block? | DNA synthesis |
| What type of drug is methotrexate (Folex, Rheumatrex)? | antimetabolite |
| What type of drug is fluorouracil (5-FU)? | antimetabolite |
| What are the actions and uses of methotrexate (Mexate)? | many cancers, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis |
| What is the usual adverse effect of methotrexate (Mexate)? | pulmonary toxicity |
| What is the mechanism of action of methotrexate (Mexate)? | interferes with folic acid use in cells |
| How are antitumor antibiotics given? | IV or instilled into cavity |
| What drugs are antitumor antibiotics similar to? | alkylating agents |
| What type of drug is bleomycin (Blenozane)? | antitumor antibiotic |
| What type of drug is doxorubicin (Dozil)? | antitumor antibiotic |
| How does doxorubicin (Adriamycin) work? | prevents cell division, delivered per liposomes |
| What is a side effect of doxorubicin (Adriamycin)? | change urine to red color |
| What is the effect on the heart of doxorubicin (Adriamycin)? | lifetime max dose or it will kill the heart |
| What is a common ability of plant alkaloids/natural products? | arrest cell division (also called mitotic inhibitors) |
| What kind of drug is vincristine (Oncovin)? | plant alkaloid/natural product |
| How is vincristine (Oncovin) given? | IV |
| Action of vincristine (Oncovin) | inhibits mitosis |
| Adverse effects of vincristine (Oncovin) | nervous system toxicity: numbness, tingling, weakness (sometimes a permanent change) |
| Why are hormones and hormone blockers used? | to slow the growth of hormone dependant tumors |
| What is used to slow breast cancer? | testosterone or antiestrogen (tamoxifen citrate (Nolvadex)) |
| What is used to slow the growth of prostate cancer? | estrogen |
| What can estrogen for prostate cancer cause? | feminizing effects |
| When are corticosteroids usually given? | for palliation |
| Adverse effects of hormones used in cancer therapy | higher doses than normally present in body, produce few of the typical cytotoxic side effects, can produce significant side effects when given at high doses for prolonged periods |
| What type of drug is tamoxifen (Nolvadex)? | hormone blocker |
| Actions and uses of tamoxifen (Nolvadex) | treat breast cancer that has estrogen receptors, also prevents breast cancer |
| Adverse effects of tamoxifen (Nolvadex) | nausea, vomiting, inc risk of uterine cancer, hot flashes, fluid retention, venous blood clots, abnl vag bldg |
| How do biologic response modifiers (immunotherapy) work? | stimulate body’s immune system |
| What effect do biologic response modifiers have on other anticancer drugs? | minimize immunosuppressive effects |
| What kind of drug is interferon alfa 2 (Roferon-A, Intron A) | biologic response modifier |
| Actions and uses of interferon alfa 2 (Roferon-A, Intron A) | stimulates immune system to remove antigens, suppresses the growth of cancer cells |
| Adverse effects of interferon alfa 2 (Roferon-A, Intron A) | flu-like symptoms (fever, chills, dizzy, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia) |
| What can toxicity of interferon alfa 2 cause? | immunosupression, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity |
Created by:
angepu
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