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NURS5345 TTUHSC 1
TTUHSC NURS 5345 Patho Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| D5W and NS are examples of this type of tonic solution. | Isotonic |
| Name the three cellular energy phases of the cell. | Digestion, oxidative cellular metabolism/beta oxidation of fats, and the Krebs/TCA/citric acid cycle. |
| Of the three types of specialized cell junctions, which one is also referred to as a connexon? | Gap junctions |
| Name one of the 5 functions of the plasma membrane. | To control cellular compartment composition, influence metabolic pathways, cell to cell recognition, cellular mobility, and cell shape maintenance |
| Which organelle utilizes catalazae and urate oxidase, is highly dependent on oxygen and is perceived to be involved in the aging process? | Peroxisomes |
| Which organelle is the site of lysosome and peroxisome activity? | smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
| The nucleus contains two layers- which one is the site of RNA processing? | nucleolus |
| What is the osmolarity of isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions, respectively? | Isotonic is 285 mOsm/kg, hypotonic is less than 285 mOsm/kg, and hypertonic is >285-294 mOsm/kg |
| What are the four primary causes of edema? | Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, decreased plasma oncotic pressure, increased capillary membrane permeability, and lymphatic obstruction |
| Name examples of increased hydrostatic pressure as a cause of edema | thrombophlebitis, hepatic obstruction, prolonged standing, CHF, CRF, cirrhosis |
| Identify the two ways decreased plasma oncotic pressure causes edema. | Loss of plasma albumin or decreased production of plasma albumin |
| What are common causes of increased capillary permeability as a cause of edema? | inflammation, immune response to trauma or neoplasm, or lymphedema |
| Which hormones regulate sodium balance? | Aldosterone, natriuric peptide |
| Whcih hormone primarily regulates water balance? | ADH |
| Which glands primarily support the regulation of sodium reabsorption or excretion? | adrenal cortex |
| Which neurons control water balance and where are they located? | Osmoreceptors cause thirst and are in the hypothalamus. Volume sensitive receptors stimulate ADH release and are in both atria and thoracic vessels. Baroreceptors are in the aorta, pulmonary arteries, and carotid sinuses and stimulate ADH release. |
| What is the role of ADH? | water reabsorption |
| What is the role of aldosterone? | reabsorbs sodium and chloride |
| What is the role natriuric peptide? | inhibits sodium reabsorption |
| Define a condition when total body water is greater than the sodium increase | hypotonic hyponatremia |
| Define a condition secondary to hyperglycemia or hyperlipidemia with dilutional electrolytes. | hypertonic hyponatremia. |
| Which electrolyte has a direct relationship with calcium? | magnesium |
| Name the buffer systems of the body. | carbonic acid-bicarbonate balance, protein, renal regulation, and cellular ion exchange |
| How much energy does 1 mole of glucose produce in the cell? | 686 kcal |
| Name 5 electrolyte functions. | To conduct metabolic chemical reactions, maintain fluid balance, control acid-base balance, generate neuromuscular activity, and promote blood clotting. |
| State the definition of diffusion. | The movement of particles along a concentration gradient to an area of lower concentration. |
| State the definition of osmosis. | flow of water from an area of low solute to high solute, or flow of water from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration |
| How does the body gain or loss fluid on a daily basis? | Gain via food, ingested liquids, and tissue catabolism. Loss via lungs, skin, kidneys, and large intestines |
| Which diuretics function at the collecting duct and thus are potassium sparing? | amiloride, spironolactone, triamerine |
| Which conditions cause an increase in ADH secretion? | loss of volume, stress, trauma, surgery, pain, drugs, anesthesia, tumors, increased sodium intake |
| How does extracellular osmolarity change during isotonic imbalances? | ECF osmolarity stays constant |
| What is the equivalent weight of 1L of water? | 2.2 pounds |
| What is the normal sodium level? | 136-145mEq/L |
| What is the normal magnesium level? | 1.2-2.5 mEq/L |
| What is the risk of rapidly reversing hyponatremia? | Central pontine myolosis |
| During anabolic phases, how is potassium shifted? | Potassium moves into the cells to build tissue |
| Which foods offer potassium? | orange, bananas, tomatoes |
| Which cranial nerve is evaluated during Chvostek's sign? | CN VII, facial nerve |
| Which movement does a positive Trousseau's reveal? | carpopedal spasm with flexion of the wrist and metacarpal joints, and the fingers extend |
| What is an antagonist of parathyroid hormone? | Calcitonin |
| what are treatment options for hypercalcemia? | Avoid excessive calcium intake, limit bone resorption, increase physical activity, administer calcitonin to counteract PTH, admin etidronate disodium, administer corticosteroids, or increase fluid intake |
| Name common causes of hypophosphatemia. | alcoholism, malnutrition, hypercalcemia, DKA, hyperthyroidism, and excessive antacid use. |
| how does hyperchloremia affect an arterial blood gas and how does the body compensate? | metabolic acidosis, with respiratory alkalosis compensation |
| What are the functions of magnesium? | Neuromuscular integration with decreased acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction and enzyme reactions |
| Describe brawny edema. | The skin thickens and hardens due to coalescence of plasma proteins |
| What causes anasarca? | CHF, cirrhosis, ARF, ALF |
| What is filariasis? | AKA elephantiasis, a cause of lymphatic obstruction and edema |
| Define nonvolatile acids. | Can't be eliminated by lungs and are therefore eliminated by kidneys |
| How does the body compensate during alkalosis. | decreased respiratory rate, decreased carbon dioxide removal, and pH stabilizes |
| Which pathway of cellular energy production breaks down fats, carbohydrates, and proteins? | Krebs/tricarboxylic acid/citric acid |
| Which pathway of cellular energy production metabolizes glucose into 2 ATP molecules per mole? | Glycolysis/Oxidative cellular metabolism |
| Which pathway of cellular energy production is most efficient? | Beta oxidation of fatty acids |
| How much ATP yield is produced from beta oxidation of fatty acids? | 144 ATP per long chain fatty acid |
| Does Addison's disease increase or decrease aldosterone? | decreases aldosterone |
| Which drug increases aldosterone? | glucocorticoids |
| Does a high or low sodium cause hypervolemia and intracellular dehydration? | Hypernatremia |
| Which sodium imbalance causes hypoosmolality and cellular swelling? | Hyponatremia |
| How does renal excretion of potassium change during hyperkalemia? | Renal excretion of potassium increases |
| If aldosterone levels are high, how is potassium secretion/excretion adjusted? | potassium secretion decreases |
| what are the stop codons of protein synthesis? | UAA, UAG, UGA |
| Name one disease of nondisjunction. | Trisomy (Down's, trisomy X) or monosomy (turners) |
| Name 2 sex chromosome aneuploidies. | Turner, Klinefelters S |
| In an autosomal dominant disorder, how many children are affected with the disease? | Half of children are affected |
| How do X linked recessive disorders affect women? | Females have varying degrees of severity |
| What is the first step of the general adaptation syndrome? | enlargement of the cortex of the adrenal gland |
| what are the three stages of the development of the general adaptation syndrome? | alarm, resistance or adaptation, exhaustion |
| what is the role of alpha receptors during stress? | increased gluconeolysis, smooth muscle contraction of vascular beds, decreased insulin secretion, decreased platelet aggregation |
| What is the role of beta receptors during stress? | increased gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, increased insulin release, smooth muscle relaxation |
| Which nervous system do alpha receptors act upon? | sympathetic, fight or flight |
| What metabolic changes does cortisol promote? | gluconeogenesis, increased BG, protein anabolism in the liver, protein catabolism in other tissues, lipogenesis, gastric secretion, anti-inflammation |
| What is the role of endorphins and enkephalins in stress? | pain relief and analgesis, inhibiting BP increases during hemorrhage, sense of euphoria |
| What hormone does growth hormone/somatotropin counteract? | Insulin |
| What is the role of prolactin in stress? | acts as a second messenger for IL-2 to activate B cells and bind to lymphocytes |
| Which granulocytes arrive first in response to an invading pathogen? | Neutrophils |
| What is the role of T helper cells/CD4+? | Facilitate and modify the interaction between APCs and immature lymphocytes as well as activate B lymphocytes |
| What is the role of regulator T cells? | limit the full immune response |
| Where do macrophages function? | in tissues and wounds |
| which cells develop from the bone marrow? | monocytes, dendritic cells |
| Which type of immunity is specific, adaptive, and has memory? | acquired |
| Which type of immunity utilizes T regulator cells, cytotoxic T cells, and memory T cells? | Cellular immunity |
| Which immune system contains plasma cells, memory B cells, T helper cells, and immunoglobulins? | humoral immunity |
| What is the secondary immune response? | a response to an antigen that produces a rapid antibody response due to memory cells with an effective, specific response |
| Which immunoglobulin is responsible for an effective secondary immune response? | IgM |
| Which type of immunoglobulin is responsible for mast cell degranulation, histamine release, and increased gastric secretions? | IgE |
| Which type of hypersensitivity reaction utilizes an antibody-antigen complex that initiates the complement cascade? | Type II/tissue specific |
| Which type of hypersensitivity reaction causes scarring due to tissue adherence and deposited antibody-antigen complexes? | Type III/immune complex mediated |
| Which type of hypersensitivity reaction results in giant cell formation and tissue destruction? | Type IV/cell mediated/T lymphocyte |
| What limits hypersensitivity reactions from constantly occurring after initial allergen exposure? | the negative feedback system of histamine |
| In DM type I, what tissue is identified and targeted as "non-self" by T lymphocytes? | pancreatic Beta cells |
| In SLE, what is mistakenly identified as foreign by dysfunctional T lymphocytes? | autoantibodies |
| What is opsonization? | tagging and identification of pathogens |
| what is the immediate vascular response following an invasion of microbes? | vasodilation, increased vascular permaeability, vascular leakage, diapedesis |
| In chronic inflammation, how are pathogens walled off? | granulomas |
| what are the byproducts of the liver in chronic inflammation? | fibrinogen and CRP |
| what are the byproducts of the brain in chronic inflammation? | ACTH, ADH |
| Which autoimmune theory presents lymphocytes form maturing during clonal differentiation? | forbidden clone |
| Which autoimmune theory has an infectious disease antigen-resembling self antigen that is attacked? | molecular mimicry |
| what is secondary intention wound healing? | Tissue replacement is required. |
Created by:
sbrennan
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