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NUR102chp6Homeo/stre
Wk1Homeostatis alternatin/adaptations-Hinkson
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the cell's function? | Movement, conductivity, metabolic absorption, secretion, excretion, respiration, communication (hormones, chemical mediators) |
| Name the major intracellular electrolytes | Potassium, magnesium, phosphate, sodium chloride, calcium |
| Explain the function of electrolytes. | They facilitate transmission of electrochemical impulses in nerve and muscle cells; participate in reactions nec. for cellular metabolism. |
| Where does the work of the cell take place? | In the cytoplasm |
| what is the cell's cytoplasm composition? | water, electrolytes, suspended proteins, neutral fats, glycogen and sometimes melanin and bilirubin. |
| Describe the cell membrane. | plasma membrane that is semi-permeable; separates intra- and extra-cellular environments; receptor site for hormone and biologically active substances; participates in electrical impulses; aids in regulating cell growth and proliferation. |
| What is the cell's membrane composed of? | lipid bilayer with phospholipids, glycolipids, cholesterol creating an impermeable structure to all but lipid-soluble substances; transport proteins for insoluble substances. |
| Describe cell coat composition | It is called the Glycocalyx with long complex carbohydrate chains attached to proteins. |
| What is the purpose of the glycocalyx? | Participates in cell-to-cell recognition and adhesion; Contains tissue transplant antigens that label cells as self or non-self,incl ABO blood group antigens. |
| Why do cells communicate with eachother? | To maintain a stable internal environment or homeostasis; To regulate growth and divisions; To oversee their development and organization into tissues; To coordinate functions. |
| Cell's communicate in what 3 ways? | Contact signaling via protein/gap channels; Contact signaling by plasma membrane-bound molecules; Remote signaling by secreting chemical messengers into extracellular fluid. |
| What is hormonal signaling? | Endocrine cell secretion of hormone chemicals that travel through tissue and blood and to produce an effect on another set of cells. |
| What is neurohormonal signaling? | Hormones released into the bloodstream by neurosecretory neurons. |
| what is paracrine signaling? | Cells secretary local chemical mediators that are quickly taken up, destroyed or immobilized and act only on nearby cells. |
| What is autocrine signaling? | The secreting cell targets itself |
| What is a neurotransmitter? | A chemical messenger between adjacent neurons through specialized junction called synapses. |
| What is a protein receptor? | Protein molecules on plasma membrane in cytoplasm or in nucleus. |
| What is the function of a protein receptor? | Enables cell to respond to set of signaling molecules in a specific preprogrammed way; Capable of recognizing and binding with smaller molecule (ligands aka hormones). |
| What is the function of a cell membrane receptor? | Determine which ligands a cell will bind with and how the cell will respond to the binding. |
| What do membrane receptors exist for? | drugs, endorphins, infectious organisms, and others |
| What are the changes a cell makes to adapt? | Atrophy, hypetrophy, hyperplasia, dysplasia, and hyperplasia. |
| What is cellular atrophy? | A decrease or shrinkage in cellular size. Affects any organ, most common in skeletal muscle, heart, secondary sex organs and brain. |
| What is physiologic atrophy? | Atrophy that occurs in early development such as the thymus gland during early childhood development. |
| What is pathological atrophy? | Atrophy that occurs as a result of decreases in workload, pressure use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, nervous stimulation. |
| What is disuse atrophy? | skeletal muscle atrophy because of immobilization |
| What is hypertrophy? | Increase in size of cell and size of affected organ associated with an increased accumulation of protein in cellular components in the plasma membrane, ER, mitochondria; hormone induced; does not increase cellular fluid volume. |
| What is physiological hypertrophy? | Hormone induced atrophy such as with pregnancy, skeletal cell enlargement due to an increase in workload. |
| What is hyperplasia? | Increased # of cells from incr. rate of cell division; occurs with hypertrophy. |
| Why does hyperplasia occur? | Occurs when there is a loss of response to injury; loss of epithelial cells and cells of th liver and kidney triggers DNA synthesis and mitotic division. |
| What are two types of normal physiologic hyperplasia? | Hormonal and compensatory hyperplasia |
| What is hormonal hyperplasia? | Occurs mainly in estrogen-dependent organs such as uterus and breast. |
| What is compensatory hyperplasia? | Regeneration of certain organs such as the liver and kidney. |
| What is pathologic hyperplasia? | Abnormal proliferation of normal cells; can occur in response to hormones and growth factors. |
| What is the most common type of pathologic hyperplasia? | hyperplasia of edometiurm caused by oversecretion of estrogen with excessive menstrual bleeding; can undergo malignant transformation if controls failed. |
| What is dysplasia? | deranged cell growth that is not a true adaptive change; abnormal changes in size, shape and organization of mature cells. |
| Dysplasia is also known as what and where does it typically occur? | Atypical dysplasia; typically found in epithelial tissue of the cervix, respiratory tract. |
| What is metaplasia? | Reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another; Can be reversed if stimulus removed. |
| How does metaplasia occur in a smoker's respiratory tract? | Replacement of normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of bronchial lining by stratified squamous epithelial cells. The latter cells do not secrete mucous or have cilia resulting in a loss of vital protective mechanism. |
| What is cellular injury and common themes of cell injury? | Cell is unable to maintain homeostasis b/c ATP depletion, oxygen and oxygen-derived free radicals, intracellular Ca and loss of CA steady state, defects in membrane permeability. |
| What is reversible cell injury? | reversible injury responses include cellular swelling, fatty changes |
| What is irreversible cell injury? | irreversible injury necrosis (severe cell-swelling) and apoptosis (pre-programmed cell death) |
| What are the three mechanisms of cellular injury? | Hypoxic injury, free radical and reactive oxygen species, and chemical injury. |
| What is hypoxic injury? | Ischemia is most common type (arteriosclerosis); Anoxia (total lack of oxygen: embolism;Cellular responses incl. a decrease in ATP, causing failure of sodium-potassium pump and sodium-calcium exchange; Cellular swelling; Reperfusion injury |
| Describe a free radical? | An electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having an unpaired electron and is highly unstable. |
| What is free radical injury? | It is the result of oxidative stress by ROS |
| What does a free radical do to stabilize itself? | It gives up an electron or steals one from longs chains of phospholipids in cell membranes to stabilize itself. |
| What is lipid peroxidation? | destruction of unsaturated fatty acids which are vulnerable to free radicals. |
| Name diseases and disorders linked to oxygen-derived free radicals | Aging, Atherosclerosis, Brain disorders: Ischemic brain injury, Alzheimer’s disease,Cancer, Diabetes, Eye disorders: Macular degeneration, Cataracts; inflammatory disorders, Emphysema |
| What is chemical injury? | Cell membrane damaged by toxic substance, increased permeability; Arsenic, cyanide, heavy metals (lead), carbon monoxide, insecticides, alcohol, street drugs |
| What is unintentional & intentional injury? | Blunt or sharp force, asphyxiation, drowning |
Created by:
jai855
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