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January 15, 2012
Pharmacology Unit One`
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Pharmacology | Study of drugs and there actions on living organisms |
| Pharmacokinetics | refers ro activities within the body after the drug is administered or the study of the drug does to the body |
| Pharmacodynamics | Deals with the actions and effects in the body |
| Pharmacotherapeutics | The treatment of disease with medicines |
| Parmacognosy | The study of drugs that are obtained from natural plant or animal source |
| Posology | Study of the amonunt of drug required to produce therapeutic effect |
| Prototypy | An original or initial model or type from which substance arise |
| Pharmacologist | Is a person who studies drugs their orgin properties and effects upon living organisms |
| Pharmacist | One who is licensend to prepair and dispence drugs |
| Ajunct | Helper drug |
| Toxicology | the science or study of poisons |
| OTC | over the counter |
| Drug Sources | Plant Animal Mineral Chemical Synthesis |
| Plant | Our ansestors discovered that roots leaves and seeds of plants have the power to kill illnesses ease pain and effect the mind |
| Animal | Drugs of animal origin are manufactored by extracting natural substances from animal tissue and organs |
| Mineral | Iron iodine calcium sodium cloride are all examples of minerals they come from rocks and crystals found in nature |
| Chemical Synthesis | Many drugs today are created or sythesized in the lab through chemical processes. These are pure drugs which are considered very strong and require low dosages |
| Drug Names | Official Genaric Trade Chemical |
| Official | the name given to a drug by the FDA and is usually the same as isd generic name |
| Generic | Name given to the drug that can be made and marketed by any company (lower case) |
| Trade | Proprietary name-Is trademarked by a company and can only be used by that company (Upper case) |
| Chemical | Is the term that describes the chemical structure of the drug |
| Pharmacokinetic Phase- DRUG ACTIONS | Absorption Distibution Metabolism/biotransformation Excretion |
| Absorption | A passage of substance from the site of administration into the blood stream |
| Distribution | the transport of drugs by the circulation of body fluids to the site of action |
| Metabolism-biotransformation | Normal body processes by which the body changes a drug to a more or less active form that can be exceated usual form is called metabolite which is an inactive form of the ogriginal drug. The liver is the organ of metabolism |
| Extretion | The removal of waste substances from the body. The primary organ of exceation is the kideny |
| Factor that are important to consider regarding Pharmicalkonetics | Onset of action Peak consentration Duration of action |
| Onset of action | Which is the time between administration of drug and the onset of its therapeutic eggect |
| Peak Consentration | Occurs when the drug reaches its highest blood plasma consentration or reaches is maximum theripeutic responce. this is when you see side effects |
| Duration of action | the length of the time that drug produces it theripeutic effect (how long) |
| Pharmacodynamic Phase | mechanism of action drug-receptor interaction Agonist Antagonist |
| Mechanism of Action | Many drugs act through drug receptor interactions. This occurs when a drug mlicule joins with a receptor on the surface of a cell. Its like a lock and key where the drug with the best fit will cause the greatest responce |
| Agonist | Is a drug that binds with a receptor and stimulates the receptor to produce a theripeutic responce |
| Antagonist | Is a drug that joins with a receptor but does not stimulate the receptor or in other words it blocks a responce (blocks the drug from working) (overdose on meds) |
| Drug Reactions | Adverse reaction Side effects Allergic reaction Anaphylaxsis Idiosyncratic reaction Iatrogenic reaction |
| Adverse Reaction | Undisirable drug effect which may be mild seveare or life threating |
| Side Effect | A drug can be used for its side effect (Benodril sadation) (Almost the same as Adverse Reaction) |
| Allergic Reaction-Hypersensitivity reaction-Antigen | A drug allergy occurs because the individuals immune system responds by making antibodys upon exposure. the antibodies cause a reaction most often seen as itching and hives but could become severe including breathing difficlties all the way to anaphylaxsi |
| Anaphylaxsis | Extreme allergic reaction and requires immediate medical attention with a drug epinephine (adrenalin) and conticosteroids |
| Idiosyncratic Reaction | Unusual or abnormal reaction to a drug it is a different reaction when it is expencted |
| Iatrogenic Reaction | Refers to a group of adverse effects produced unintentionally by a Dr. treating a pt. |
| Drug Interactions | Synergism Tolerance Cumulation Dependence |
| Synergism | combined effect of two drugs is greater then the sum of the effect of each drug given alone |
| Tolerance | Occurs when a person begins to require a higher dosage to produce the same effect that a lower dosage once provided |
| Cumulation | Occurs when a drug is matabolized or excreated slower then the rate at which it is being administered |
| Dependence | Addiction occurs when a person is unable to control his or her ingestion of drugs.It may be a physical in which a person develops withdraw symptoms or phycological in which the person is emtionally attached to the drug |
| Factor influenceing Drug Action | Age Body Weight Pathology Genetics Environmental Factors Emotional Factors Time of Administation Routes of Administration |
| Age | Most dosages are based on the amount of drug that will cause the desired effect in an average adult. Elderly aging process slows down organs and older people are more prone to dieases that effect biotransfermation and excreation |
| Body Weight | Over weight people will usually require an increase in dosage to obtain therapeutic responce conversly people that are a lower weight need less of the drug |
| Pathology | or disease conditions may cause a person to respond to a drug in an unusual manner disease of the liver or kidney that interfear with detoxification and excreation of drugs can cause ordinary dosage to accumulate to toxic levels |
| Genetics | if a person had an adverse reaction to a drug there child might as well |
| Environmental Factors | The settings in which a person takes a drug may effect the effect it ezibits |
| Emotional Factors | Person with a positive attitude towards drugs is likely to respond will to the medication |
| Time of Administration | The presents or absents of food in the stomach can effect the action of some drugs |
| Routes of Administration | Drugs given IV will react the fastest Parenteral Enteral Sublingual Topical Transdermal |
| Routes-Parenteral | Drug is injected (SUB Q) not through canal |
| Routes-Eneral | Taken PO or via a tube incerted into stomach |
| Routes-Sublingual | Med is place under tounge |
| Routes-Tolpical | Applied to skin |
| Routes-Transdermal | Patches where drug is directly obsorbed through the skin |
| Drug Preparations | Capsule Tablet Elixer Emulsion Patch Soulution Vial Ampule Syrup Suppository Suspension |
| Capsule | Geleton container that hold dry powder or a liquid agent. Some are timed release and provide a gradual but continuous release of the drug....granual within capsule desolves at different rates |
| Tablet | Contains a dry powder drug that are compressed into small discs that also contain binders fillers and or lube |
| Enteric Coded | Have special coding that resists breakdown in the acidic pH of the stomach but it desolves in the alkalin pH of the intestines. shouldnt be crushed or chewed |
| Elixer | Clear liquids made up ofdrugs desolved in small droplets of alcohol and water |
| Emulsion | Despentions of small droplets of water in oil. Used to mask bitter taste of certain drugs |
| Patch | Directions on package- Inner surface of patch contacts the skin and allows absorbtions of lipd soluable drugs |
| Solutions | Is a liquid perperation usually in water containing one or more disolved compounds |
| Vial | single or multi rubber stopper container |
| Ampule | Single dose of medication with a thin neck which is scored and the top can be snapped off a filtered needle is used to draw up med because of glass shards |
| Syrup | Is a med disolved in consentrated solutions of sugar |
| suspension | Liquid dosage form that contains insoluable drug particles in a liquid base- SHAKE WELL Wipe off container before re cap |
| Organizations involved in Drug regulations | DEA FTC FDA PHS |
| DEA- Drug Enforcement Administration | Agency with in the department of justice and is the only drug enforcement agency of the US government |
| FTC- Federal Trade Commission | regulates the advertisement of non persciption drugs |
| FDA- Food and Drug Administration | Federal agency responcible for garenteeing the saftey purity effectiveness and reliablity of drugs sold in the US mission protect public health |
| PHS- Public Health Service | Federal agency funds research under national instatute of health on function is regulation of biologic products. this inclued serums and vaccines and anit\\titoxin that are used in the prevention treatment or cure of disease or injury |
| Drug Legislation | Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act Durham-Humphery Amendment Kefauver-Harris Amendment Controlled Substance Act Poison Prevention Packaging Act |
| Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act | Authorizes the FDA to determin the saftey of drugs before marketing and to be sure lableing standards are met |
| Durham-Humphery Amendment | Tightened control by restricting the refill pf perscriptions |
| Kefauver-Harris Amendment | Brought about the thalldamide tragity incompletly tested drug apporved for use as a setitive hipntic during pregnancy- getus exposed where born with serious birth defects |
| Controlled Substance Act | desined to improve the administration and despencing identify and regulates the manufacture of and sale of narcotics and dangerous drugs. Provides funding for education on drug abuse reabliltation of addicts and law enforcement. Classifies drugs into sche |
| Poison Prevention Packaging Act | Provides all medications be bottled with saftey closures |
| Reference Material | United staes Pharmacopia Physician Desk Reference Nursing Drug Handbook |
| United States Pharmacopia | Official list of drug standards. Like a cook book for drug manufacturers and Pharmasist |
| Physician Desk reference | Published anually carries info 2500 to 3000 prescription drugs basically physician reference book. No nursing interventions |
| Nursing Drug Handbook | All nursing divisions have book |
| Nursing Process | Data Collection Plan Implementation Evaluation |
| Data collection | Symptoms of pt diagnosis history and physical labs- Whatever pt offers |
| Plan | Decide and develop an indavidual plan based on data collection |
| Intervention | Carry out plan |
| Evaluation | Analyze pt responce to the plan |
Created by:
bjbert
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