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medsurg51
understanding the sensory system
Question | Answer |
---|---|
sclera | visible white part of the eye |
cornea | the first part of the eye that refracts light |
lens | transparent elastic protein, has no capillaries, shape changed by the ciliary muscle |
posterior cavity | between the lens and the retina, contains vitrous humor |
anterior cavity | between lens and cornea, contains aqueous humor |
visual areas location | occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex |
LPN role in visual exams | assist, they generally do not conduct visual exams |
OU | both eyes |
Snellen's chart | an E chart, or a handheld visual acuity chart (Rosenbaum's card) to test near and far vision |
visual fields by confrontation | tests of peripheral vision |
normal vision | OU: 20/20 |
PERRLA | Pupils Equal Round and Reactive to Light, Accommodate |
arcus sinillus | individuals older than 40 may have bilateral opaque whitening of the outer rim of the cornea, this is normal |
IntraOccular Pressure checked how | checked with tonometer using a puff of air to make an indent on the cornea to measure the pressure |
Administration of eye drops | instruct cl to tilt head back and look toward ceiling; form pocket; apply pressure to tear duct for at least one full minute |
Nystagmus | an involuntary, cyclical, rapid movement of the eyes in response to vertical, horizontal, or rotary movement |
nystagmus found be what test | extraocular muscle balance and cranial nerve function test |
corneal light reflex test | used to assess muscle balance; pen light should be reflected on exact same spot on both pupils |
pupillary reflexes test | in a darkened room, shine penlight laterally towards eye; pupil should quickly contrict |
the external eyes are inspected for | color and symmetry of the irises, clarity of the cornea, and depth and clarity of the anterior chamber |
how do you assess clearness of the cornea | shine a light obliquely across the cornea; the cornea should be transparent without cloudiness |
arcus senilus is caused by | lipid deposits and is considered normal in age >40, also does not affect vision |
role of LPN in internal eye examination | may be required to explain the procedure to the patient and to assist the advanced practitioner in the examination |
a culture may be ordered if | exudate from any portion of the eye or surrounding structure is present |
ultrasound is useful as an examination tool when | the internal eye cannot be visualized directly because of obstructions such as corneal opacities or bloody vitreous |
X-ray exams use | to view bone structure and tumors |
Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) use | to visualize ocular structures and abnormalities of the eye and surrounding tissues |
what is digital imaging | a newer way of viewing the retina without requiring the use of dilating eyedrops |
when wiping the eyes, the nurse should | wipe from the inner canthus to the outer canthus |
Morgan lens is used for | eye irrigation |
punctum | tear duct |
how to prevent systemic absorption of eye medications | apply pressure to the punctum for at least 1 minute or longer as directed |
procedure for eye patching | apply ointement or drops is ordered, ask patient to keep eyelid shut, place disposable cotton gauze ey patch over depression of the eye socket, possible metal shield, tape patch |
clients with eye patches should avoid | reading or watching t.v. |
auricle(pinna) | in the outer ear, made of cartilage covered with skin |
middle ear components | eardrum, malleus, incus, and stapes, eustachian tube |
inner ear | cavity in the temporal bone called the bony labryinth, lined with membrane called the membranous labyrinth |
perilymph | fluid between bone and membrane |
endolymph | fluid within the membrane |
cochlear ducts | concerned with hearing |
cochlea | shaped like a snail shell and is partitioned internally into three fluid-filled canals |
process of hearing | transmission of vibrations and generation of nerve impulses |
order of hearing process | ear canal, eardrum, malleus, incus, stapes, oval window of the inner ear, perilymph and endolymph within cochlea, hair cells, 8th cranial nerve, brain |
auditory areas for both hearing adn interpretation, location in brain | temporal lobes of the cortex |
otorrhea | ear discharge |
otalgia | ear pain |
health history of ear to be reported | otorrhea, otalgia, itching, fullness, tinnitus, or vertigo |
presbycusis | loss of hearing high-pitched sounds |
three different auditory function assessment tests | whisper voice test, Rinne test, Weber test |
balance testing | observe gait as patient walks away, Romberg's test(falling test) |
Tympanometry | test used to measure compliance of the tympanic membrane and differentiate problems in the middle ear |
caloric test | used to test the function of the 8th cranial nerve and to assess vestibular reflexes of the inner ear that control balance |
electronystagmogram use | used to diagnose the causes of unilateral hearing loss of unknown origin, vertigo, or ringing in the ears |
medications most often used to treat ear disorders | anti-infectives, anti-inflammatories, antihistamines, decongestants, cerumenolytics, and diuretics |
What should you do when turning the hearing aid on | the volume should be turned up just until it squeals and then turned down until the patient indicates it is at the appropriate level for hearing |
what type of patient indicated for a cochlear implant | profoundly deaf and has lost all hearing |
Meniere's disease diet recommendation | lower sodium diet to prevent retention of fluid |