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UWM Patho II Exam 4
Psychobiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which side of the brain is dominant in most people? | Left-side is dominant in most people (95% of the right-handed and more than 50% of left-handed people) |
| What is the dominant brain (Left) hemisphere responsible for? | 1.Production and comprehension of language 2.Mathematical ability 3.Ability to solve problems in sequential & logical fashion |
| What two major language areas of the Brain are in the left hemisphere? | 1.Broca's area 2.Wernicke's area |
| Which side of the brain is non-dominant in most people? | The right side of the brain |
| What is the non-dominant side (right) of the brain responsible for? | 1.musical skills 2.recognition of faces 3.tasks requiring comprehension of spatial relationships |
| What are right-brained thinkers better at understanding than left? | 1.humor 2.emotion 3.metaphor |
| 1.What is the corpus callosum? And 2.What is its function? | 1.Largest fiber bundle in the brain 2.Connects the two cerebral hemispheres and passes information from one to the other |
| What are the four lobes that make up the cerebral cortex? | 1.Frontal lobe 2.Occipital lobe 3.Parietal lobe 4.Temporal lobe |
| What are the main functions of the frontal lobe? | 1.Handles “executive functions” 2.Cognition and memory 3.Movement 4.Social judgement |
| What are the functions of cognition and memory by the frontal lobe? | Prefrontal area has ability to: 1.concentrate 2.conduct elaboration of thought 3.serves as gatekeeper for judgement and inhibition 4.Houses personality and emotional traits |
| How is movement controlled by the frontal lobe? | 1.Motor cortex - control voluntary motor activity 2.Language - controls motor speech (Broca's area) |
| Injuries to the frontal lobe may cause Broca's aphasia. What is it? | 1.difficulty producing either written or spoken words 2.NO difficulty comprehending language |
| What is the function of the parietal lobe? | Receives and evaluates most sensory information: 1.temperature 2.pain 3.touch 4.pressure involving the skin EXCLUDING: 1.smell 2.hearing 3.Vision. |
| What is the function of the temporal lobe? | 1.Receives auditory input “primary auditory cortex” 2.visual information 3.involved in aspects of memory and learning 4.comprehension of language |
| What is the name of the area in the temporal lobe that helps understand and produce meaningful speech? | Wernicke's area |
| What does damage to Wernicke's area (in temporal lobe) result in? | 1.receptive or sensory Wernicke's aphasia (fluent aphasia with impaired comprehension) |
| Occipital lobe | 1.Receives visual input, “primary visual cortex” 2.Damage to the occipital lobe can result in cortical blindness |
| What is the Limbic System? | Structures in the human brain involved in: 1.emotion 2.motivation 3.emotional association with memory Particularly involved in aggressive, submissive and sexual behavior with pleasure, memory and learning |
| What is Kluver-Bucy syndrome? | Develops when the entire limbic system is destroyed: 1.Putting many types of objects in the mouth 2.emotional placidity 3.fearlessness 4.hyper/inappropriate sexual advances (hypersexuality) 5.distractibility caused by small objects. |
| What is the function of the Hippocampus? | 1.Turns short-term memory into long-term memory 2.Sensory stimulation goes to hippocampus and then cortex 3.Critical in decision making regarding importance of sensation |
| What happens if the Hippocampus is destroyed or stimulated? | 1.inability to form new memories of facts and events (chronic alcoholism & AD) 2.If stimulated, results in hallucinations |
| Amygdala | 1.Generates emotions from perceptions and thoughts 2.links fear and senses to memories 3.patterns social behavior appropriate to situation |
| What does removal or stimulation of the amygdala cause? | 1.Stimulation causes: a.rage b.jealousy c.fight or flight response(anxiety response) 2.Removal causes: placidity |
| What is the function of the thalamus? | All sensory pathways and many other anatomical loops relay in the thalamus Takes sensory information and relays it to area throughout the cortex |
| What triggers the thalamus to influence mood and general body movements? | strong emotions, such as fear or rage |
| What is the function of the Hypothalamus? | 1.Major control center for the pituitary gland 2.maintains homeostasis 3.Regulates: a.autonomic nervous b.endocrine c.emotional functions d.somatic functions |
| What are the functions of the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system? | 1.cardiovascular regulation 2.body temperature 3.body water (osmoreceptor) 3.sexual activity 4.GI and feeding (satiety center) 5.regulation of the pituitary 6.reward and punishment centers 7.memory and learning 8.coordinates sleep-wake cycle |
| What are the six components of the Basal ganglia? | 1.striatum 2.putamen 3.caudate nucleus 4.globus pallidus 5.subthalamic nucleus 6.substantia nigra |
| What is the function of the basal ganglia? | 1.Controls muscle activity in terms of starting, stopping and planning 2.inhibits unwanted muscle activity 3.Coordinates large-muscle movement |
| What disease and it's characteristics are an example of basal ganglia damage? | Parkinson’s disease: 1.muscular rigidity 2.a slow shuffling gait 3.a general lack of movement |
| What is the function of the substantia nigra? | 1.Produces dopamine involved in the control of complex movements 2.Connects to hypothalamus and limbic system 3.controls emotional responses |
| 1.Where is the locus ceruleus located? 2.What is it's function? | 1.Located in the pons 2.manufactures norepinephrine a.involved in stress response b.fear c.clinical depression d.panic disorder e.anxiety |
| 1.What does the raphe nuclei produce? 2.What is it's function? | 1.Serotonin 2.regulates sleep 3.regulates behavior 4.regulates mood |
| How does Computed tomography (CT)work? | 1.Radiographs or "slices" of the brain that can be stacked to give a 3 dimensional image 2.Relies on intravenously administered contrast agents in order to provide superior image quality |
| What are CT scans primarily used for? | 1.Evaluating swelling from tissue damage in the brain 2.Assessment of ventricle size |
| How does Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)work? | Uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce high quality two- or three-dimensional images of brain structures without use of ionizing radiation (X-rays) or radioactive tracers. |
| What is an MRI useful for? | Provides a detailed assessment of: 1.The physical appearance 2.Water content 3.Many kinds of subtle derangements of structure in the brain: a.inflammation b.bleeding |
| What information does the MRI fail to provide? | to provide information about the metabolism of the brain at the time of imaging. |
| What is functional imaging used to diagnose? | 1.Metabolic diseases 2.Lesions on a finer scale: a.AD 3.Neurological and cognitive science research 4.Building brain-computer interfaces: a.PET |
| How does Functional Magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)work? | fMRI relies on the paramagnetic properties of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin to see images of changing blood flow in the brain associated with neural activity. |
| What kind of images can be generated by the(fMRI)? | This allows images to be generated that reflect which brain structures are activated (and how) during performance of different tasks. |
| How does Positron emission tomography (PET)work? | Measures emissions from radioactively labeled metabolically active chemicals (drug or glucose) that have been injected into the blood and uses the data to produce two or three-dimensional images of the distribution of the chemicals throughout the brain |
| What is the greatest benefit of PET scanning? | Different compounds can show: 1.blood flow 2.oxygen 3.glucose metabolism in the tissues of the working brain. This reflects: 1.The amount of brain activity in the various regions 2.Allows us to learn more about how the brain works |
| Are genetics associated with psychiatric illnesses? | The search for genes associated with psychiatric illnesses has been difficult and inconclusive |
| What are some problems related to genetic research? | 1.difficulty inferring information from animal studies 2.gene may produce the disorder in some but not others 3.other factors may be required for the development of the disorder |
| What kind of genetic studies provide information about the transmission of psych illnesses? | 1.adoption studies compare genetic with environmental influences 2.twin studies compares identical or fraternal twins 3.family studies compare first-degree or distant relatives |
| What are biological rhythms? | Also known as circadian rhythm (a roughly-24-hour cycle in the physiological processes of living beings) |
| What is the usual cue that sets the clock on a 24 hour cycle? | Sunlight affects: 1.sleep 2.eating 3.body temperature 4.mood |
| Are human behaviors cyclical? | 1.Human behaviors are cyclical and are correlated with environmental stimuli 2.the body rhythms are controlled by internal clocks located in specific brain regions |
| Where is our internal clock located? | The internal clock is probably located in the hypothalamus which in turn influences: 1.the pituitary 2.parts of the brain stem to influence many body systems |
| 1.What happens when we get too little REM sleep? 2.Which disorder causes excessive REM sleep? | 1.Persons deprived of REM (rapid eye movement) sleep: a.become emotionally unstable b.exhibit personality disorders 2.REM sleep is excessive in: a.depressed persons |
| What are the 2 main levels of sleep? | 1.Non REM (Rapid Eye Movement) 2.REM (dream state) |
| Explain the main stages of NREM? | Stage 1: brain waves start to slow down through to Stage 4: where brain waves are very slow. |
| What are the five stages of Sleep? | Stage 1 (5%): light sleep Stage 2 (45%): deeper sleep Stage 3~4 (25%): deepest sleep: a.sleepwalking b. night terrors REM (25%): dreaming: a.loss of motor tone (atonia) b.possibly a memory processing function c.erection d. ↑ brain O2 use |
| What are the functions of NT's in REM sleep? | 1.Serotonergic neurons of raphe nucleus are key to initiating sleep 2.ACh ↑ during REM sleep,inducing REM sleep 3.NE lower during REM sleep (associated with reducing REM sleep) 4.Dopamine produces arousal and wakefulness (rises with waking) |
| Continued...NT functions in REM sleep? | 1.Serotonin interrupts or shortens REM sleep 2.REM sleep has the same EEG pattern as awake (b-wave) 3.REM sleep occurs every 90 min 4.REM sleep decreases with age |
| What is Insomnia? | Not sleeping enough due to: 1.difficulty falling asleep (onset insomnia) 2.frequent awakening during sleep (maintenance insomnia) 3.waking up too early (termination insomnia) |
| Sleep Apnea | Intermittent stopping of breathing during sleep due to obstruction of the airway or central nervous system problems |
| Narcolepsy | Frequent, unexpected periods of sleep during day 1 or more of these symptoms: 1.Gradual/sudden onset of sleepiness 2.muscle weakness while remaining awake,triggered by strong emotions. 3.Sleep paralysis,dreamlike experiences at the beginning of sleep |
| Periodic Limb Movement Disorder | 1.During NREM sleep individual moves legs and sometimes arms every 20~30 seconds for minutes or hours 2.This is NOT "restless leg syndrome" which is less common 3.Treated with tranquilizers (aka, Sedatives) |
| REM Behavior Disorder | During REM sleep: 1.individual moves vigorously or violently (kick, punch, etc.) 2.Dreams of violent nature 3.Occurs mostly in older men (> 60 years old) with brain diseases especially PD. |
| Night Terrors | 1.Intense anxiety from which one wakes up screaming in terror. 2.Occurs during Stage 4 sleep, most frequently seen in children (esp, boys). |
| Sleepwalking | 1.Usually seen in children 2-12 years old. 2.Harmless there is no danger to wake the sleepwalking person up. No treatment other than making sure that the person's environment is safe. |
| What is the definition of Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)? | The study of the interactions within: 1.the mind 2.immune system 3.neurological system that modulate susceptibility to disease and its progression |
| What are examples of stressful life circumstances that are linked to impaired immune system function? | Mental states and stress(depression and anxiety associated with ulcers, cancer),following sleep deprivation, loss of a spouse. no definitive evidence that psychosocial factors influence disease via changes in the immune system |
| Norepinephrine (NE) | a.located in the brainstem (particularly the locus ceruleus) b.can be excitatory or inhibitory c.role in stress, attention, vigilance, mood; d.activates pleasure center in hypothalamus e.altered in mood and anxiety disorders |
| Dopamine (DA) | a.located mostly in brainstem in the substantia nigra b.in limbic system: 1.emotions 2.pleasure c.in frontal cortex; insight, judgement, problem solving d.in the hypothalamus; circadian rhythms and endocrine functions e.altered in PD and Schizo |
| Serotonin(5-HT) | a.located in cell bodies of raphe nuclei of brain stem; generally inhibitory b. role in arousal and activity, sleep, temperature and pain, mood c.altered in Schizophrenia, mood & anxiety disorders and AD. |
| Glutamate | a.found in all cells of the body, major excitatory transmitter in the CNS b.altered in anxiety,Schizophrenia and Huntington’s disease |
| g-amino-butyric acid (GABA) | a.most neurons of the CNS have receptors; major inhibitory transmitter in the CNS b.altered in anxiety c.drugs that increase GABA function such as benzodiazepines are used to treat epilepsy |
| Acetylcholine (ACh) | a. located in the brain and the spinal cord; can be excitatory and inhibitory b. role in sleep-wakefulness, memory and cognition; decreased in Alzheimer's disease |
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czenecke
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