Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
endo phase II
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Chvostek's sign | Abnormal spasm ot the facial muscles elicited by light taps on the facial nerve in the patients who are hypocalcemic; seen in tetany. |
| Dysphagia | Difficulty swallowing. |
| Endocrinologist | Physician who speializes in endocrinology. |
| Glycosuria | Abnormal presence of sugar, especially glucose in the urine. |
| Hirsutism | Excessive body hair in a masculine distribution. |
| Hyperglycemia | A grater than normal amount of glucose in the blood. |
| Hypocalcemia | A deficiency of calcium in serum. |
| Hypoglycemia | A lower than normal amount of glucose in the blood; usually caused administration of too much insulin, excessive secretion of insulin by the islet cells of the pancreas, or dietary deficiency. |
| Hypokalemia | A condition in which an inadequate amount of potassium, the major intracellular cation, is found in the circulatory bloodstream. |
| Idiopathic hyperplasia | Increase, without any known cause, in the number of cells. |
| Ketoacidosis | Acidosis accompanied by an accumulation of ketone in the blood resulting from faulty carbohydrate metabolism. |
| Ketone bodies | Normal metabolic products, B-hyroxybutyric and aminoacetic acid, from which acetone may spontaneously arise. |
| Lipodystrophy | Abnormality in the metabolism or deposition of fats. Insulin lipodystrophy is the loss of local fat deposits in diabetic patients as a complication of repeated insulin injections. |
| Neuropathy | Any abnormal condition characterized by inflammation and degeneration of the peripheral nerves. |
| Polydipsia | Excessive thirst. |
| Polyphagia | Eating to the point of gluttony. |
| Polyuria | Excretion of any abnormally large quantity of urine. |
| Trousseau's sign | A test for latent tetany in which carpal spasms are induced by inflating sphygmomanometer cuff on the upper arm to a pressure exceeding systolic blood pressure for three minutes; used in hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia. |
| Turgor | The normal resiliency of the skin caused by the outward pressure of the cells and interstitial fluid; may be assessed as increased or decreased skin turgor. |
| Type 1 diabetes mellitus | Condition in which impaired glucose tolerance results because of destruction of beta cells in the pancreatic islets; results in deficient insulin production, but the patients retains normal sensitivity to insulin action; also called insulin-dependent diab |
| Type 2 biabetes mellitus | Condition in which impaired glucose tolerance results from an abnormal resistance to insulin action; also called non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. |
| Exocrine glands secrete through? | Ducts. |
| Endocrine glands secrete hormones? | Right into the bloodstream, and are ductless. |
| Exocrine and endocrine glands are responsible for? | The production and secretion of hormones. Chemical regulator of the body. |
| These hormones help control.... | 1. growth and development. 2. reporduction. 3. metabolism. 4. activity of nervous system.(heart rate, breathing) 5. fluid balance. |
| Pituitary gland? | Pea sized gland conected to the hypothalamus. also called the hypophysis or master gland because it exerts control over the other glands through negative feedbacdk system. |
| Anterior pituitary? | Also called Adenohypophysis. Produces six major hormones. Five are called tropic hormones. |
| posterior pituitary? | ADH, oxytocin. |
| Lactogenic hormone (Prolactin)? | Not a tropic Hormone. Stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk (lactation). |
| Gonadotropin? | Luteinizing hormone (LH), and Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). Stimulates maturation of ova and sperm. |
| Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone? | MSH or Melanotropin. Stimulates the skin to produce melanin. Responsible for the skin color (pigmentation). |
| Adrenocorticotropin (ATCH)? | Controls the adrenal cortex. |
| Thyrotropin? | Also called 'thyroid stimulating hormone' (TSH). Considered the most sensitive method for evaluating thyroid disease. |
| Somatotropin? | Human Growth Hormone (hGH). |
| Gigantism? | Over production of somatotropin in children. Occurs before closure of epiphyses. |
| Results of gigantism...... | Excessive growth. -causes extreme height, increased muscle and viseral development, and increased wieght. Pts are weak despite thier big size. |
| Females quit growing at what age? | 15-16. |
| Males quit growing at what age? | 18. |
| One cause of gigantism..... | Pituitary tumor or hyperplasia of anterior pituitary. |
| Hyperplasia? | High cell production. |
| Another cause of Gigantism..... | Defect in hypothalmus. Release of too much GHRF. Tells the anterior pituitary to release more GH. |
| Pt with gigantism.... | Dye early with heart failure. and organs become to large and cause lots of problems. |
| DIagnostic test for gigantism.... | Blood work (GH supression test), CT, MRI. |
| Gigantism medical management.... | Surgery, Irradiation of the anterior putuitary gland. |
| Gigantism nrsg interventions..... | Identify children who are large for their age, liver, spleen, ect. |
| Prognosis of gigantism... | They have cardiomyogoly. Life expectancy is still short, but they live longer lives. |
| Acromegaly? | Overproduction of Somatotropin in adults. caused by tumor or hyperplasia. (can not grow taller beacause the epiphyses has closed, but grows wider). |
| Clinical manifestations acromegaly.... | -enlarged facial features. -enlarged hands and feet. -enlarged heart and liver. -muscle weakness. -hypertrophied joints that are painful and stiff. -severe headaches, (from tumors). -impotence in men. -deepend voice, hirsutism and amenorrhea in women. -if |
| Acromegaly diagnostic tests.... | Blood work (OGTT), CT, MRI. |
| Acromegaly medical management.... | Surgery or two types of medications: Bromocriptine, or GHIF (sandostatin, or somatastatin). |
| Acromegaly tx.... | Cryosurgery or radiation. |
| Acromegaly prognosis.... | Even with tx the physical changes are permanent. |
| Nrsg intervention for pts w/acromegaly ..... | -mainly supportive. -assess ability to do ADLs (muscle weakness, joint pain, or stiffness). -headaches. -soft diet, encourage fluids. -nonopioid analgesics. -fall precautions due to visual impairment. -problems with self-esteem. -wt gain and inactivity ma |
| Pituitary dwarfism? | Caused by lack of growth hormone. usually due to the malfunction of the pituitary gland. |
| Pituitary dwrafism , children with the hormone deficiency.... | may grow normally for the first two to three yrs of life but they fall behind their peers in ht. They are normally proportioned. THIS IS A KEY POINT. |
| Clinical manifestations of pituitary dwarfism... | -well porportioned and well-nourished but are short and look younger than they are. -jaw is underdeveloped so most have problems with permanent teeth. -sexual development is not normal but delayed (reproduction not affected unless there is a deficiency in |
| Dwarfism diagnostic testin.... | CT, MRI, Blood work. |
| Dwarfism medical management... | Replace hGH. If tumor is the cause then surgery. |
| Dwarfism prognosis... | Mostly normal lives just little. |
| Posterior Pituitary | Also called neurohypophysis. Stores two hormones produced in the hypothalmus. *Oxytocin- stimulates uterine contraction during labor and help secretion of milk.*Antidiuretic hormone- helps balance blood pressure. |
| ADH? | Also called Vasopressin. Regulates body's water balance. Causes the kidneys to conserve water by decreasing the amount of urine produced. Causes consrtiction of the arterioles in the body, which increases BP. |
| Diabetes Insipidus? | Any disease charaterized by polyuria. |
| definition of diabetes: | Chronic multisystem disease r/t abnormal insulin production, impaired insulin use or both. |
| diabetes insipidus | Undersecretion of ADH. |
| Diabetes insipidus etiology... | Hereditary, 2nd to head injury, intracranial tumor. |
| Diabetes insipidus prob can be from... | the pituitary gland ot failure of the kidney to respond to ADH. |
| Diabetes insipidus can be... | Transient or permanent. |
| Clinical manifestations of diabetes insipidus.... | Polyuria (to much urine, *not enough ADH), polydipsia (excessive thirst), urine is very dilute, low specific gravity (*norms 1.003 to 1.030), hypernatremia, symptoms of dehydration. Hypotension, weakness, dry mouth, fatigue, can go into hypovolemic shock. |
| diabetes insipidus diagnostic tests... | UA with a specific gravity less than 1.003. Blood work-hypernatremia. showing NA grater than 145meq/l. CT/MRI- see if tumor is present. |
| Diabetes insipidus med. management.. | Vasopressin (Pitressin) or DDAVP (Demopdressin) IM, SC, or nasl spray (Diapid). Beverages containing caffeine are eliminated from diet because of their diuretic effect. IV fluids if dehydration occurs (hypotonic). Monitor I&O. Daily wt. Assess skin turgor |
| diabetes insipidus prognosis... | Depends on cause, most pts can expect to live a normal life but usually will be dependent on medication. |
| Syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH) | S/S of fluid overload. Oversecretion of ADH. Fluid retention. Wt gain. Urine is concentrated. High specific gravity (grater than 1.030). Hyponatremia. Disorientation, muscle cramps, anorexia, nausea. |
| SIADH is potentially dangerous but treatable. What can occur with out tx.... | Coma or death. |
| SIADH med. management... | Fluid restriction (500-1000ml/day). Hypertonic IV solution (correct Na imbalance). Discontinue any meds. that may be causing the prob. Give Tetracycline antibiotics or lithium (both interfere with action of ADH to cause polyuria). Diuretics may also be gi |
| Thyroid gland? | Butterfly-shapped gland. Two lobes, one one each side of the trachea. Connected by the isthmus. Stores iodine (adequate intake of iodine is necessary for the formation of thyroid hormones). Produces three hormones: Calcitonin, T3, and T4. |
| Calcitonin? | Decreases serum calcium by causing calcuim to be stored in the bones (Pulls calcium out of blood and into bones). |
| Calcitonin is an antagonist to? | Parathormone, which pull calcium into the blood. |
| Calcitonin's role is? | Very minor. |
| Triiodothyronine and Tetraiodothyronine (TSH) | T3 produced by thyroid. T4 also called Thyroxine. Tsh most sensitive indicator. Regulates 3 main functions: Activity of the nervous system. Growth and development. Metabolism. (function of these 3 hormones are controlled by TSH). |
| Hyperthyroidism, AKA: Graves disease? | Increased activity ot the thyroid gland with overproduction T3, T4, and TSH. May co-exist w/abnormal iodine metabolism or other endocrine prob. |
| Signs and symptoms of graves disease.... | Skinny-metabolism high. think about what these hormones do to ur body. MAG. CHanges in V/S. Heat intolerance. Nervousness. Bulging eyes. Hyperactivity and clumsiness. Warm flushed skin. Increased appt. with wt loss. Loss of concentration, emotional. Insom |
| Testing for graves disease... | Lab: High T3 and T4, and a low TSH. (TSH 0.3-5.4mcg/ml). (T3 65-195ng/dl). (T4 5-12mcg/dl). |
| Total T4 and Free T4.. | Two seperate test that help the doc. eval thyroid fun. |
| Toatal T4? | Can be affected by the amount of the protein available in the blood to bind to the hormone. |
| Free T4? | A newer test that is not affected by protein levels. Thought to be a more accurate reflection of rhe thyroid hormone function. |
| Radioactive Iodine Uptake and Scan? | Performed in nuclear medicine,where radiocative iodine(1 123) is given to a fasting pt. (in a small dose, does not require isoslation). camera takes pics of the throid gland frome three diff angles. 1st scan done 4-6 hrs after ingestion of iodine, another |
| Med management of graves disease... | Thyroid antagonist to block the production of T3 & T4. Propylthiouracil (PTU)((for babies)) Methimazole (Tapazole). |
| PTU and Tapazole.. | Get a decrease in symptoms within 6-8 weeks after doseage is given. |
| Another med. management for graves disease... | Ablation (131). oral administration of radioctive iodine. Targets the thyroid tissue. symptoms decrease after 3 wks. With full effect in about 3 mths. Not for pregnant women. Nd pregnant women should not care fo these pts. |
| Ablation may be... | External radiation to neck. Surgery. |
| Graves prognosis.. | with tx the pts usually live a normal life. However if exophthalmos if present will remain. |
| Subtotal Thyroidectomy.. | Removal of 5/6 of the thyroid. Allows the remaining tissue to preform thyroid function for the body. If total is done replacement therapy for life. |
| Thyroid function test are done periodically to? | to determine the resolution of hyperthyriodism as well as poss devleopment of hypothyroidism |
| If total thyroidectomy is done | pt must be on meds for life. |
| Pre-op teaching for Thyroidectomy... | around 12.4% of pts suffer from laryngeal nerve dammage. may have laryngospasms usually from low calcium. laryngeal edema. neck incision with a drain. sore throat and hoarseness. |
| Post-op care for a pt with a thyroidectomy... | High fowlers position- prmote drainage. Support head w/pillow to avoid strain on incision. Observe for resp distress, hemorrhage. keep emergency equip beside(trach tray, suction). ck dressin for bleeding. ck vocal cords w/assessment to eval vocal cord dam |
| Tetany... | Aneurological disorder caused from hypocalcemia. If left untreated can lead to seizures or lethal cardiac dysrhythmias. |
| Why tetany occur... | Accidental removal of one or more of the parathyroid glands. Or edema, which causes an occlusion of parathyroid and do not get parathormone released into the bloodstream. |
| Symptoms of tetany... | Paresthesias-numbness and tingling in the fingers and toes. Carpopedal spasms-layngeal spasms. Increased pulse, resp, and BP. Depression, anxiety, agitation. Dysrhthmias. *calcium gluconate. |
| Two test for hypocalcemia... | chvostek's and trousseau's |
| Thyroid crisis | also called thyroid strom |
| Thyroid storm | rare and attributed to manipulation of the thyroid during surgery. causes lg amts of thyroid hormones to be released into the bloodstream. all S&S of hyperthyroidism will be exaggerated.If going to happen will do so with in the first 12hrs post-op. |
| S&S thyroid crisis... | Pt will experience N/V, tachy, severe hypertension, poss. hyperthermia 106. extreme restlessness. cardiac dysrhythmias, delirium, and heart failure. |
| Thyroid crisis | death can occur and emergent service must be provided. |
| Hypothyroidism | Undersecretion of thyroid hormones that results in a slowing of all the body's metabolic process. Think about what the hormones do in our body. MAG |
| Congenital hypothyroidism... | also called Creatinism( i out of 4000-5000 newborns). If left untreated physical defects and mental retardation occurs. |
| S&S hypothyroidism... | Large head, short limbs, puffy eyes, thick tongue, sleeps alot, no prespiration. no muscle tone (hypotonia). infant feels floppy when handled. also affects the gi tract causing chronic constipation. |
| Tx hypothyroidism... | administration of thyroid hormones. Screening at birth is mandatory. Early detection is critical to prevent mental retardation. |
| Hypotyroidism in adults Causes.... | Primary: Thyroid problem. -Secondary: Pituitary problem. -Thyroid gland surgery or irradiation. -Side-effect of anti-thyroid med. -Iodine Insufficiency. |
| Hypothyroidism diagnostic testing.... | low T3 and T4 with and increase in the TSH. |
| S&S of hypothyroidism | Changes in V/S. (brady, hypotension, decreased resp, and exercise intolerance). Mental and emotional staus changes. sensitivity to cold. Pt lethargic and irritable and no energy. Anorexia. Wt gain. Constipation due to the slowing metabolism. Decressed abi |
| Hypothyroidism med. management... | Hormone replacement therapy (that last a lifetime). Ex: Synthetic-Levothroxine-Synthroid or Levothyroid. Animal Thyroid(Armour Thyroid)-from pigs. Thyroglobulin(proloid) Liothyronine sodium(Cytomel) |
| Tx for hypothyroidism... | Begin tx slowly, give in am at same time daily, may have to adjust insulin or blood thinner, brand changing is not recomended. May be more sensitive to meds due to metabolism being slower. (becareful giving opioids). |
| Hypothyroidism prognosis.... | with proper med care, most pt do well. |
| Myxedema? | Severe Hypothyroidism in adults. |
| Myxedema is a serious crisis of extreme or prolonged... | hypofunction, severe metabolic disorders, Hypothermia, CV collapse. |
| Myxedema is triggered by... | Severe stress, infection, exposure to cold or trauma, or abrupt withdrawl from meds. |
| Myxedema is.... | Often Fatal. |
| Simple Goiter? | Benign thyroid cyst. Develops when the thyroid gland enlarges in response to low iodine levels in the bloodstream or when it is unable to utilize iodine properly. Appear firm, encapsulated, noninvasive, slow growing cyst that tends not to affect the funct |
| Assessment and diagnosis of a goiter... | Enlarged thyroid, dysphagia, hoarseness, dyspnea. Diagnosis- needle biopsy. Tx- surgery for cosmetic reasons, dysphagia, dyspena. |
| Cancer of the Thyroid... | Relatively rare. Presents as firm, fixed small, rounded mass. Grows slowly. Painless. Usually contained. |
| Diagnosis of Thyroid cancer | Thyrpoid scan- Decreased uptake of the 1 123 signifies cancerous growth. Diagnosis is confirmed by needle biopsy. Tx- total thyroidectomy. Prognosis- depends on type of cancer |
| Parayhyroid Glands | Four glands located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland. Secretes Parathormone (Pulls calcium out of the bones into the blood) (An antagonist to Calcitonin from the thyroid gland), regulates calcium levels. Also helps regulates phosphorous in th |
| Hyperparathyroidism? | Overactivity of the parathyroid glands resulting in over production of parathormone. |
| Diagnostic test for Hyperparathyroidism | Lab- blood work shows hpercalcemia. CT/MRI. |
| S&S of hyperparathyroidism.. | Kidney stones- renal colic and dull back pain. Observe urine for signs of blood or stones. Bones become demineralized- causing skeletal pain, pain on wt bearing, and pathological Fx. Muscle weakness. Vomiting, wt loss. HTN and brady. Decreased LOC. |
| Tx for hyperparathyroidism | Surgical removal of tumor or one or more of the parathyroid glands. |
| Nrsg interventions Pre-op...(hyperparathyroidism) | Restore fluid and electrolyte balance by encouraging increased oral intake. I&O. Diuretics-Lasix is diuretic of choice. Strain urine for stones. Monitor calcium level daily. Cranberry juice may help promote acidic urine and decrease calculi formation. Avo |
| Nrsg interventions for Post-op....(hyperparathyrodism) | I&O. Monitor for decreased UO. Avoid overhydration. Assess frequently for signs of hypocalcemia (tetany, dysrhythmias). Drug of choice for hypocalcemia: calcium gluconate or calcium chloride (iv). |
| Hypoparathyroidism | Occurs when there is a decreased parathyroid hormone. Results in decreased levels of serum calcium. The most common cause is accidental removal or destruction of one or more of the parathyroid glands during thyroidectomy. |
| S&S of Hypoparathyroidism... | Tetany, Anxiety, Irritability, depression, HA, Nausea. |
| Diagnostic tests for hypoparathroidism.... | Decreased serum calcium. increased phosphorus. Rule out other possible cause of hypocalcemia such as Vit D deficiency, kidney failure and acute pancreatitis. |
| hypoparathyroidism med. management.... | Immediate Tx is IV calcium gluconate or calcium chloride. (very irritating to vessel so give slowly. *If given to fast, can precipitate cardiac arrest. Monitor carefully to make sure no drug escapes into the tissue, sloughing may occur). |
| Pt's recieving calcium should be monitored for? | signs of hypercalcemia, vomiting, disorentation, abd pain, weakness, brady, syncope, and hypotension. Assess for resp distress and renal prob. |
| Pt teaching for hypocalcemia.. | Number one goal is to ensure pt has an adequate calcium intake. Pts should be taught the early symptoms of hypocalcemia and instructed to notify the nurse or physician if they occur. Teach pt to monitor pulse for changes, proper fluid balance, and use of |
| Adrenal Glands... | Also called suprarenal glands. Small, yellow, triangular gland that covers the superior surface of each kidney. Two sections- Cortex ands the Medulla. |
| Cortex | Outer portion. Divided into three layers. Each layer secretes a different steriod hormone (Adrenocortical hormones). *androgens *glucocorticoids *mineralocorticoids *Regulated by ACTH from the pituitary. |
| Steroid drugs are used to treat | inflammatory and autoimmune prob. Resp., arthritis, asthma, and dermatitis, and as a replacement hormones in pts with adrenal insufficiency. |
| Prednisone, Methylprednisolone (Solumedrol) | celestone is given to women in preterm labor to maturue the babies lungs. |
| Sex hormones | male: Androgens. female:Estrogens (come from the gonads). In adults, thier release is small and impact on the system is insignificant. |
| Mineralocorticoids | (water/fluid balance) Principal one is aldosterone. Principal action is to help regulate Na+ and K+ levels in the blood. Increase the reabsorption of Na+ - Increases fluid retention. Helps regulates blood volume and BP. |
| Glucocorticoids | (inflammation) Most important one is cortisol. A hormone that predominantly affects the metabolism of carbohydrates. *Palys a small role in metabolism of fats and proteins. Helps regulate Na+ and K+. *Helps maintain BP and cardiovascular Function. Reduces |
| Medulla | (Flight or flight) Inner portion. Synthesizes and Stores 2 hormones (also known as catecholamines) 1.Epinephrine (adrenalin) 2.Norepinephrine (noradrenalin) |
| Epinephrine and norepinephrine | Are hormones that are released as a systemic preperation of the body for the fight or flight response needed in time of crisis. Constricts blood vessels. HR and BP increase. Stimulates liver to release glucose reserves. |
| Adrenal Hyperfunction | (caused by too many steroids) Also called Cushing's Syndrome. Results from elevated levels of endogenous or exogenous glicocorticoids. -Most common cause is exogenous use. |
| Causes of Adrenal Hyperactivity | Hyperplasia or tumor of adrenal cortex. Overstimulation by ATCH. Overuse of corticosteriods- Results in HTN, obesity, osteoporosis, fractures, impaired immune function, impaired wound healing, glucose intolerance, and psychosis. |
| Clinical Manifestations of Adrenal Hyperfunction... | Upper body obesity, thin ext., wt gain, moonface, buffalo hump, skin becomes fragile and thin, bruises easy, and heals poorly. Irritability, anxiety, or depression, weak bones ans muscles, Hyperglycemia, Purple striae, Women hairy and women problems, men |
| Diagnosis of Adrenal Hyperfunction | lab: cortisol level is low. ATCH elevated or low depending on if the problem is pituitary or adrenal. CT/MRI to detect tumors. 24 hr urine for increased ketosteroids and hydroxysteroids. |
| Med. management of adrenal hyperactivity... | Adrealectomy. Removal of pituitary tumors. If surgery is not an option, Miotane (Lysodren) -toxic to adrenal glands. -given for three mths. -monitor for hepatotoxicity. (low sodium diet to reduce edema) |
| Prognosis of Adrenal Hyperactivity | Depends on early diagnosis, cause and Tx. |
| Adrenal Hypofunction | Also called Addison's Disease. (not enough steroids). Occurs when the adrenal glands donot secrete adequate amounts of adrenocorticoids. Decreased plasma levels of adrenocortical hormones. 90% of cortex is destroyed before problems occur. |
| Causes of adrenal hypofunction | Most common cause is an autoimmune respose, (body attacking itself). Adrenalectomy. Pituitary hypofunction. Idiopathic adrenal atrophy. Cancer of the adrenal cortex. Hemorrhage into adrenal gland from anticoagulation therapy. Tuberculosis. |
| Assessment of Adrenal hypofunction | N/V, Diarrhea, Anorexia and wt loss, Hypotension, HA, Disorientation, Irritability, depression, abd pain and lower back pain, Fatigue and muscle weakness, Hyperpigmentation. Hypoglycemia, Hyponatremia and Hyperkalemia are signs impending Adrenal crisis. |
| Diagnostic tests for Adrenal hypofunction | 24 hr urine shows decreased levels of ketosteroids and hydroxysteriods. Low fasting cortisol and aldosterone levels. |
| Medical Management Adrenal hypofunction | Give Steriods. Restore fluid and electrolyte balance. Accurate I&O. Daily wt. VS. Skin turgor. Visitors screened for infections. Meds: Corticosteriods. -Glucocorticoids: solumedrol, prednisone. Mineralocorticoid: fludrocortisone (florinef). |
| Assess for development of Adrenal crisis | More acute form, same signs and symptoms. Sudden, severe drop in BP, N/V, Extremely high temp, Cynosis, Vasomotor collaspe and poss death. occurs due to trauma, surgery and physiologic stress or abrupt withdrawl of steriods. Tx: Iv corticosteroids to stab |
| Pt teaching for Adrenal hypofunction | Importance of taking meds. Regular ck ups. Immediatley report illness, even a cold. Avoid stress. Avoid overexertion, diarrhea, infection, deccreased intake of salt, exposure to cold, and surgery. Diet high in Na+ and low in K+. |
| Pheochromocytoma | also called Chromafin cell tumor. Causes excessive secrection of epinephrine and norepinephrine. Occurs most often in adults between 20 and 60 yrs of age. and are almost always benign. |
| Clinical Manifestations Pheochromocytoma | Principal manifestation is HTN which may fluctuate widely- sometimes as high as 300/175. Palpitations. (problems with BP) |
| other Symptoms | severe ha, nervousness, dizziness, dyspena, paraesthesia, nausea, intolerance to heat, anxiety, insomnia, V/S, tremors, Diaphoresis, dilated pupils,hyperglycemia, glycosuria. |
| Diagnostic test for Pheochromocytoma | 24 hr urine for vanillylmandelic acid (VMA). VMA is the main urinary metabolite of epinephrine and norepinephrine. CT scan of the adrenals and an IVP may help locate the tumor. |
| Medical Management pheoechromacytoma | Surgical removal of the tumor and sometimes the adrenal gland. Postop meds given to control HTN and inhibit catecholamine production. -These must be continued on a long term basis if tumor is inoperable. |
| Nrsg interventions and pt teaching pheochromocytoma | Careful assessment of BP. Periods of rest. Avoid Stress. Careful I&O. Avoid stimulants in the diet. |
| pituitary gland or hypophysis cerebri | approximately the size of a pea and located at the base of the brain; divided into two lobes; often referred to as the master gland because it produces hormones that stimulate the function of other endocrine glands |
| anterior lobe or adenohypophysis | produces and secretes growth, adrenocorticotropic, throid-stimulating, gonadotropic, follicle-stimulating, luteinizing, prolactin or lactogenic hormones |
| growth hromone (GH) | regulates the growth of the body; produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland |
| adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) | stimulates the adrenal cortex; produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland |
| thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) | stimulates the thyroid gland; produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland |
| gonadotropic hormones | affect the male and female reproductive systems; produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland |
| follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) | regulate development, growth, and function of the ovaries and testes |
| prolactin or lactogenic hormone (PRL) | promotes development of glandular tissue during pregnancy and produces mild after birth of an infant; produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland |
| posterior lobe or neurohypophysis | stores and releases antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin |
| antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | stimulates the kidney to reabsorb water; released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland |
| oxytocin | stimulates uterine contractions during labor and postpartum; released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland |
| hypothalamus | located near the pituitary gland in the brain; secretes "releasing" hormone that functions to stimulate or inhibit the release of pituitary gland hormones |
| thyroid gland | largest endocrine gland; located in the neck below the larynx and comprises bilateral lobes connected by an isthmus; secretes hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), which require iodine for their production |
| parathyroid glands | four small bodies lying directly behind the thyroid; parathormone (PTH), the hormone produced by the glands, helps maintain the level of calcium in the blood |
| islets of langerhans | clusters of endocrine tissue found throughout the pancreas, made up of different cell types that secrete various hormones, including insulin and glucogon |
| adrenal glands or suprarenals | paired glands, one of which is located above each kidney; the outer portion is called the adrenal cortex, and the inner portion is called the adrenal medulla |
| cortisol | secreted by the adrenal cortex; it aids the body during stress by increasing glucose levels to provide energy; also called hydrocortisone |
| aldosterone | secreted by the adrenal cortex; electrolytes (mineral salts) that are necessary for the normal body function are regulated by this hormone |
| epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenaline) | secreted by the adrenal medulla; these hormones help the body to deal with stress by increasing the blood pressure, heartbeat, and respirations |
| cortic/o | cortex (the outer layer of a body organ) |
| endocrin/o | endocrine |
| parathyroid/o | parathyroid glands |
| pituitar/o | pituitary gland |
| thyroid/o, thyr/o | thyroid gland |
| acr/o | extremities, height |
| calc/i | calcium |
| dips/o | thirst |
| kal/i | potassium |
| natr/o | sodium |
| -drome | run, running |
| acromegaly | enlargement of the extremities (and bones of the face, hands, and feet caused by excessive production of the growth hormone by the pituitary gland after puberty) |
| adenitis | inflammation of a gland |
| adenomegaly | enlargement of a gland |
| adenosis | abnormal condition of a gland |
| adrenalitis | inflammation of the adrenal glands |
| adrenomegaly | enlargement (of one or both) of the adrenal glands |
| hypercalcemia | excessive calcium in the blood |
| hyperglycemia | excessive sugar in the blood |
| hyperkalemia | excessive potassium in the blood |
| hyperpituitarism | state of excessive pituitary gland activity (characterized by excessive secretion of pituitary hormones) |
| hyperthyroidism | state of excessive thyroid gland activity (characterized by excessive secretion of thyroid hormones) |
| hypocalcemia | deficient calcium in the blood |
| hypoglycemia | deficient sugar in the blood |
| hypokalemia | deficient potassium in the blood |
| hyponatremia | deficient sodium in the blood |
| hypopituitarism | state of deficient pituitary gland activity (characterized by decreased secretion of one or more of the pituitary hormones, which can affect the function of the target endocrine gland |
| hypothryoidism | state of deficient thyroid gland activity (characterized by decreased secretion of thyroid hormones) |
| panhypopituitarism | state of total deficient pituitary gland activity (characterized by decreased secretion of all the pituitary hormones; this is a more serious condition in that it affects the function of all the other endocrine glands |
| parathyroidoma | tumor of a parathyroid gland |
| thryoiditis | inflammation of the thyroid gland |
| acidosis | condition brought about by an abnormal accumulation of acid products of metabolism seen in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus |
| addison disease | chronic syndrome resulting from a deficiency in the hormonal secretion of the adrenal cortex; symptoms may include weakness, darkening of skin, loss of appetitie, depression, and other emotional problems |
| cretinism | condition caused by congenital absence or atrophy (wasting away) of the thyroid gland, resulting in hypothyroidism; the disease is characterized by puffy features, mental deficiency, large tongue, and dwarfism |
| cushing syndrome | group of symptoms attributed to the excessive production of cortisol by the adrenal cortex; this syndrome may be a result of a pituitary tumor or a primary adrenal gland dysfunction; symptoms include abnormally pigmented skin, "moon face," pads of fat on |
| diabetes insipidus (DI) | result of decreased secretion of antidiuretic hormone by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; symptoms include excessive thirst (polydipisia) and large amounts of urine (polyuria) and sodium being excreted from the body |
| diabetes mellitus (DM) | chronic disease involving a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism caused by underactivity of the islets of langerhans and characterized by elevated blood sugar (hyperglycemia); can cause chronic renal disease, retinopathy, and neuropathy |
| gigantism | condition brought about by the overproduction of growth hormone by the pituitary gland before puberty |
| goiter | enlargement of the thyroid gland |
| graves disease | a disorder of the thryroid gland characterized by the presence of hyperthyroidism, goiter, and exophthalmos |
| ketosis | condition resulting from uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, in which the body has an abnormal concentration of ketone bodies resulting from excessive fat meabolism |
| myxedema | condition resulting from a deficiency of the thyroid hormone thyroxine; a severe form of hypothyroidism in an adult; symptoms include puffiness of the face and hands, coarse and thickened skin, enlarged tongue, slow speech, and anemia |
| pheochromocytoma | tumor of the adrenal medulla, which is usually benign and characterized by hypertension, headaches, palpitations, diaphoresis, chest pain, and abdominal pain; surgical removal of the tumor is the most common treatment; can be fatal if untreated |
| tetany | condition affecting nerves causing muscle spasms as a result of low amounts of calcium in the blood caused by a deficiency of the parathyroid hormone |
| thyrotoxicosis | a condition caused by excessive thyroid hormones |
| adenectomy | excision of a gland |
| adrenalectomy | excision of (one or both) adrenal glands |
| parathyroidectomy | excision of (one or more) parathyroid glands |
| thyroidotomy | incision of the thyroid gland |
| thyroparathyoidectomy | excision of the thyroid and parathyroid glands |
| radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) | a nuclear medicine scan that measures thyroid function; radioactive iodine is given to the patient orally, after which its uptake into the thyroid gland is measured |
| thyroid scan | a nuclear medicine test that shows the size, shape, and function, of the thryoid gland; the patient is given a radioactive substance to visualize the thyroid gland; and image is recorded as the scanner is passed over the neck area, used to detect tumors a |
| fasting blood sugar (FBS) | a blood test performed after the patient has fated for 8 to 10 hours to determine the amount of glucose (sugar) in the blood at the time of the test; elevation may indicate diabetes mellitus |
| glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) | a blood test that measures the average blood sugar concentration over the live span of the red blood cell; results indicate the patient's average blood sugar level for the 6 to 8 weeks before the test, making it a useful took in monitoring diabetes treatm |
| thyroid-stimulating hormone level | a blood test that measures the amount of thyroid-stimulating hormone in the blood; used to diagnose hyperthryoidism and to monitor patients on thyroid replacement therapy |
| thyroxine level (T4) | a blood study that gives the direct measurement of the amount of thyroxine in the patient's blood; a greater-than-normal amount indicates hyperthyroidism; a less-than-normal amount indicates hypotheroidism |
| adrenocorticohyperplasia | excessive development of the adrenal cortex |
| adrenopathy | disease of the adrenal gland |
| cortical | pertaining to the cortex |
| corticoid | resembling the cortex |
| endocrinologist | a physician who studies and treats diseases of the endocrine system |
| endocrinology | the study of the endocrine system; a branch of medicine dealing with diseases of the endocrine system |
| endocrinopathy | any disease of the endocrine system |
| euglycemia | normal (level of) sugar in the blood (within normal range) |
| euthyroid | resembling a normal thyroid gland (normal thyroid function) |
| polydipsia | abnormal state of much thirst |
| syndrome | (set of symptoms that) run (occur) together |
| exophthalmos | abnormal protrusion of the eyeball |
| hormone | a chemical substance secreted by an endocrine gland that is carried in the blood to a target tissue |
| isthmus | narrow strip of tissue connecting two large parts in the body, such as the isthmus that connects the two lobes of the thyroid gland |
| metabolism | sum total of all the chemical processes that take place in a living organism |
| DI | diabetes insipidus |
| DM | diabetes mellitus |
| FBS | fasting blood sugar |
| HbA1C | glycosylated hemoglobin |
| RAIU | radioactive iodine uptake |
| T4 | thyroxine level |
| Pitressin | Posterior pituitary hormone (ADH); for ADH replacement, tx of diabetes insipidus (& its related fluid loss) SE: vasoconstriction (may be adjunct in CPR); poss water intoxication w/H/A, seizures if excess-ive anti-diuretic effect causes excessive fluid re |
| Humatrope | Anterior pituitary growth hormone For growth hormone replacement therapy (in child or adult); expensive SE: hypersensitivity; hyperglycemia, insulin resistance |
| Synthroid | Synthetic thyroid hormone , for tx of hypothyroidism; tx is usually lifelong Best taken before breakfast; takes a few wks for therapeutic effects SE: wt loss, diarrhea, H/A, nervousness, hypertension, tachycardia |
| Propylthiouracil (PTU) | Anti-thyroid agent; inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis; for tx of hyper-thyroidism May be used prior to thyroidectomy SE: N&V, rash, diarrhea; agranulocytosis (rare); hypothyroidism |
| Lugol's solution | Anti-thyroid agent; used in prepara- tion for thryoidectomy, causes decreased thyroid vascularity, decreased thyroid activity Dilute in juice or water before adm; adm after meals SE: H/A, metallic taste, burning sensation in mouth; can stain teeth so use |
| Rocaltrol | Vit D analogue, promotes Ca+ absorption, Ca+ bld levels; for management of hypocalcemia For tx of hypoparathyroidism SE: hyper-sensitivity; excessive dosing can cause hyper-calcemia w/weakness, abd pain |
| Cortef, Solu-Cortef | Glucocorticosteroid w/some mineralcorticoid activity For tx of adrenal insufficiency, including Addison's disease (also anti-inflammatory in lg doses) SE: none in replacement low doses |
| Florinef | Mineral corticosteroid w/some glucocorticoid activity For tx of hypoaldosteronism w/ related Na+ and water loss and K+ retention SE: edema, hypertension |
| Glucotrol | Oral hypoglycemic/ antidiabetic; 2nd generation sulfonylurea Promotes insulin secretion by pancreas and tissue response to insulin SE: hypoglycemia |
| Glucophage | Oral hypoglycemic/ antidiabetic; |
| biguanide | Decreases hepatic glucose production from stored glycogen, increases glucose uptake by muscles SE: N&V, diarrhea; lactic acidosis (rare) |
| Prandin | Oral hypoglycemic/ antidiabetic; meglitinide Promotes insulin secretion by pancreas; take 15-30 min ac SE: hypoglycemia lispro |
| Humalog | (Very) rapid-acting insulin, short duration SubQ; give 5-10 min before meals SE: hyper-sensitivity; hypoglycemia; lipodystrophy Regular Insulin |
| Humulin R | Short-acting (slower than rapid acting) insulin, short duration SubQ, give within 30 min of meals; available in IV (only type in this form), inhalation SE: hypersensitivity; hypoglycemia; lipodystrophy NPH insulin |
| Humulin N | Intermediate acting insulin, intermediate duration; for control between meals, overnight SubQ, usually given twice daily (ac breakfast & ac supper); gently agitate vial before use SE: hypersensitivity; hypoglycemia; lipodystrophy, glargine insulin |
| Lantus | Long duration, steady release w/no peak SubQ give once daily at same time; do not mix w/other insulins SE: hypersensitivity; hypoglycemia; lipodystrophy |
| glucagon | Pancreatic hormone, raises blood glucose levels Increases hepatic glucose production from stored glycogen; for subQ, IM, or IV use; for tx of insulin overdose, acute hypoglycemia |
Created by:
SGT.MOSS
Popular Nursing sets