click below
click below
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Pharmacology Ch 18
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Many medications used to treat the GI system are available: | OTC |
Three main types of medications to treat the GI system: | antacids, histamine H2 receptor antagonists, and proton pump inhibitors |
The 3 main types of GI meds: | restore or maintain the lining of the GI tract; affect the general motility of the GI tract; affect the motility of the colon in the GI tract |
neutralize HCl acid and increase gastric pH; used in the treatment of hyperacidity | antacids |
antacid medications: | Amphogel, Tums, OsCal, Riopan |
Drug interactions with antacids: | Tetracycline (will raise HCl production in the stomach), enteric medications, digitalis, anticoagulants, antihypertensives, hydantoin, and propanolol, Cimetidine; cigarette smoking interferes with antacids |
Adverse effects of antacids: | Most common are associated w/acid-base and electroylyte levels, malaise, anorexia, bowel obstruction, bradyarrhythmia, asystole in severe cases |
An acid-base inbalance could cause: | heart rhythm disruptions |
promote healing of ulcers and act with antacids to produce more alkaline conditions | Histamine H-2 Receptor Antagonists |
Histamine H2 Receptor Antagonist Meds | cimetidine (Tagament), ranitidine (Zantac), famotidine (Pepcid), nizatidine (Axid) |
Used for gastric or duodenal ulcer, gastric hypsecretory conditions, GERD | Histamine H-2 Receptor Antagonists |
adverse effects of Histamine H-2 Receptor Antagonists: | dizziness, somnolence, headache, confusion, hallucinations, diarrhea, impotence |
suppress gastric acid secretion by blocking the production of gastric acid; for use with gastric and duodenal ulcers, GERD | proton pump inhibitors |
Examples of proton pump inhibitor meds: | esomeprazole (Prilosec), Iansoprazole (Prevacid), omeprazole (Nexium) |
Drug interations with proton pump inhibitors: | oral anticoagulants, diazepam, phenytoin |
Adverse effects of proton pump inhibitors: | headach, diarrhea, abdominal pain |
Nursing considerations for proton pump inhibitors: | |
Used in treatment of duodenal ulcers; adverse effects: constipation; Carafate | mucosal protectants |
spontaneous but unconscious movement of food through the GI tract | motility |
antispasmodic agents that act with antacids in continuing the therapeutic benefits of both; slows gastric emptying | anticholinergics |
Uses of anticholinergics: | treat peptic ulcer disease, hypermotility, irritable colon, and acute pancreatitis |
anticholinergic meds: | scolpolamine (ear patches), dicyclomine, Librax |
adverse reactions to anticholinergics: | rapid weak pulse, dysphagia, dilation of the pupils, photophobia, flushing, dry mouth; some contain phenobarbital and may produce convulsions |
drug interactions with anticholinergics: | anticoagulants, GI stimulants |
reduce fluid content and decrease peristalsis and motility of intestinal tract; used to treat nonspecific diarrhea | anti-diarrheals |
adverse reactions of anti-diahhreals: | tachycardia, dizziness, drowsiness, fatigue, headach, sedation |
adverse effects of absorbant anti-diarrheals: | adbominal fullness, dirarhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort |
Anticholinergics dry up everything in the body - anti-diarrheals dry up only the: | GI tract |
decrease intestinal peristalsis; used to treat diarrhea; adverse effects are abdominal discomfort, nausea, vomiting, and constipation; dipehnoxylate with atropine (Lomotil), loperamide (Immodium), paragoric | opioid and opioid-derivative antidiarrheals |
use short-term for relief or pervention of constipation; take as directed; overuse causes the bowel not to work properly; drink a lot of water | laxatives |
stimulant laxative used in treatment of constipation and colon evacuation | Dulcolax, Senokot |
stimulant laxative used in the treatment of constipation and straining | Cascara |
stimulant laxative used in the treatment of consitpation | Neoloid, Ex-Lax, Correctol |
Adverse effects of stimulant laxatives: | N/V, abdominal cramping, weakness, diarrhea, dehydration, electroyte imbalance |
bulk laxative used in the treatment of chronic constipation | Metamucil |
bulk laxative used in prevention of straining and treatment of diarrhea | FiberCon |
adverse effects of bulk laxatives: | abdominal fullness, flatulence, cramps |
lubricant laxative used in treatment of constipation, fecal impaction, and prevention of straining; adverse effects are anorexia, N/V, nutritional deficiencies | mineral oil |
Used in short term relief of occasional constipation; MOM, Glycerol | hyperosmotic laxatives |
bowel evacuation solution | GoLYTELY |
Used in treatment of chronic constipation and lowers ammonia | Cephulac, Chronulac |
hyperosmotic laxative that can cause abdominal cramping, rectal irritation or burning, hyperemia of rectal mucosa | Glycerol |
hyperosmotic laxative that can cause N/V, abdominal distention, flatulence, abdominal cramping, diarrhea, hypokalemia, hypovolemia, hyperglycemia, increased hepatic encephalopathy | Chronulac |
used in prevention of straining; adverse effects include bitter taste, nausea, mild cramping | stool softeners |
Stool softeners: | Colace, Surfak, Dialose |
medication with defoaming action (simethicone), absorbent that reduces the amount of gas (charcoal); used for relief of excess gas; has no adverse effects | antiflatulents |
antiflatulent medications | simethicone, charcoal |
used in the treatment of gastric motility problems as well as N/V | antiemetics |
antiemitic drugs: | Phenothiazine, Compazine, Penergan |
adverse effects to antiemetics: | drowsiness, hypotension, anticholinergic effect |
used in treatment of emetogenic chemotherapy; adverse effects are HA, drowsiness, fatigue, dizziness, agitation, insomnia, diarrhea, constipation | serotonin antagonists |
serotonin antagonist medications: | Kytril, Zofran |
used in the treatment of gastric stasis; adverse effects include drowiness, restlessness, fatigue, diarrhea, and EPS | prokinetic |
Prokinetic medication: | Reglan |
drug used to induce vomiting; used to empty the stomach rapidly after ingestion of a poison or a drug overdose | emetics |
emetic medication: | syrup of ipecac |
adverse effects of emetics: | danger of aspiration of vomitus, diarrhea, drowsiness, mild GI upset |
used for replacement therapy for malabsorption syndrome | digestive enzymes |
digestive enzyme medications: | Pancreatin; Pancrease |
Adverse effects of digestive enzymes and intestinal flora modifiers: | with high doses - anorexia, ulcerative stomatitis, nausea, cramping, vomiting, perianal irritation |
used in the prevention and treatment of superinfection | intestinal flora modifier |
intestinal flora modifier medications: | Acidophilus Lactobacillus, Lactinex |