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BI 121 chpt 3 -Cells

GRCC BI 121 - chapter 3 cells

QuestionAnswer
What is the basic living unit of living things? The cell
All organisms are composed of one or more ______? Cells
All cells arise from? Pre-existing cells
Cell Theory 1) basic unit of living things 2) All organisms composed of one or more cells 3) All cells arise from existing cells
In contrast to the cell theory protein, organelles are not living.
Primary Cell structure Plasma membrane, membrane structure, integral proteins, peripheral proteins, glycoproteins
Primary Cell structure: Plasma membrane The boundary between the internal and external environment.
regulates what enters and leaves the cell. Primary Cell structure: Plasma membrane function
The membrane is fluid, and allowing to move around. think pool filled with volleyballs....move them around but doesn't change the number of volleyballs, their structure, etc.
Primary Cell structure: Lipid bi-layer two layers of lipid molecules.
Cell membrane is composed of Lipids, carbohydrates and proteins.
Frameworks of cell membrane made of phospholipid molecules. Liquid bi-layer of the cell membrane
Tails of phospholipids inside cell membrane water insoluble part of cell membrane lipid bilayer made of fatty acids- make them impearable to
Phospholipids are molecules whose heads are hydropholic water loving
Phospholipids tails are Hydrophobic Water hating
Lipds are nonpolar and therefore do not dissolve in water
Since lipids don't dissolve in water, then the membrane can form a barrier between the inside and outside of the cell.
The liquid bilayer is in constant motion
What floats within the cell membrane? proteins and other molecules
Integral proteins Float through the entire membrane and provide channel passageways for molecules in & out of cells membranes.
Peripheral proteins A protein that floats at the surface of the membrane acts as an enzyme and signals transmission.
Glycoproteins Peripheral proteins that function in cell recognition
A sugar protein, known as self recognition, enable cell to recognize foreign cells Glycoproteins
This type of protein is important in relation to the lymphatic and reproduction system Glyco protein which is part of the peripheral protein.
Detects viruses, fungus, etc Glycoproteins detects foreign cells
Membrane Intercellular junctions Tight, Gap and desmosomes
Membrane Intercellular junctions: tight Cells that are "zippered" together to PREVENT movement of extracellular materials
Membrane Intercellular junctions: Tight examples epithelium of the gut; brain barrier (blood brain barrier)
Membrane Intercellular junctions: Gap ALLOWS for INTERcellular movement of material
Membrane Intercellular junctions: gap examples Myocardium
Membrane Intercellular junctions: desmosomes Network of proteins between cell that provide strength to tissues (they look like stitches)
Membrane Intercellular junctions; desmosomes examples skin...but as we get older, te number of desmosomes decrease, increasing the risk of skin tares
Membrane Intercellular junctions: tight junction closing the space Adjoining cells converge and fuse together.
Membrane Intercellular junctions: Gap junction function The heart muscle and digestive tract are interconnected by tubular channels and allows ions, nutrients, amino acids, nucleotides, etc to move between them.
Cytoplasm Semi fluid environment of the cell
Cytosol The liquid found in cells
Cytoplasm function supplies the basic substances required for the functioning of the cell.
Primary cell structure Plasma Membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, nucleolus, organelles.
Actvities of a cell occur largely where? Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm basic functions include this where nutrient molecules are recieved, processed and used in metabolic reactions
The nucleus Bound by membranes
Contains chromosomes and nucleolus The nucleus function
The Nucleolus no membrane composed of protein and RNA Molecules.
Produces ribosomes The Nucleolus function
Organelles Mebrane/cytoskeleton bound structures in the cytoplasm which carry on or support the function of the cell.
Spider web like matrix that holds things in position Organelles
Cytoplasm Organelle & structures ribosomes, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi Bodies, Mitochondrion, Lysosomes, Peroxisome, centrosome, cytoskeleton
Cytoplasm Organelle & Structures: Ribosomes function Protein synthesis;
amino acids are linked together to form proteins. Ribosomes
Ribosomes location They are bound the the endoplasmic reticulum.
Endoplasmic reticulum A system of membranous channels, tubes and flattened sacs manufacture of lipid and protein components of organelles.
Tubular transport system that participates in protein synthesis and lipid molecules ER- these molecules can leave the cell, or be used within the cell for functions such as producing new ER
Smooth ER- What substance is processed? Process proteins destined for secretions from the cell
Smooth ER- What does it manufacture? Lipid and protein components of organelles
Rough ER -what substance does it synthesis? Proteins are synthesized and then transfer to the golgi apparatus for further processing.
Rough ER - Where does protein synthesis occur? it occurs via attached ribosomes which are the sites of protein synthesis.
What does Smooth ER contain? enzymes important for synthesizing lipids, absorbing fats from the digestive tract, and break down to drugs.
What is the relationship of smooth er and rough er? Lipids are synthesized in the smooth ER and are added to the proteins that were from the Rough ER.
Golgi Bodies Dictyosomes
What is the function of Golgi Bodies Recieve materials (such as proteins) from the ER, package & transport them to organelles or the plasma membrane.
Mitochondrion function Extraction of energy from CHO, ATP formation.
The powerhouse of the cell Mitochondria
cristae Inner membrane of the Mitochondria, that is highly convulted, forming folds that increases the surface area of the mitochondria.
within the cristae, sugar and other nutrients are combined and energy is produced called ATP
Lysosomes Tiny membranous sacs known as the garbage disposal of the cell
Degredation, recycling of materials, removal of bacteria and worn cells Lysosomes function.
Peroxisome Membranous sacs, look very similar to a lysosome, but mainly found in the liver and kidney.
Catalyze reactions and remove hydrogen peroxide Peroxisome function
Centrosome Location of the centrioles
Separate sister chromotids during mitosis by forming spindle fibers Centrosome
What do centrosomes do during cell division? Centrioles migrate to either side of the nucleus, spindle fibers are formed, pull on and distribute chromosomes (chromosomes carry DNA) to the new cells.
What else does centrosomes produce? cilia and flagella
Cytoskeleton function internal Framework of microfilaments and microtubules to which organelles and chromosomes are anchored.
chromosomes contains abundant protein rods and tubules that form a supportive framework called Cytoskeleton
Cell Surface Features Cillium & Flagellum
Cillium(a) Extension of the cell membrane
Propulsion and movement of substances Cillium(a) function
Flagellum(a) Complex structure on cell surface
Propulsion Flagellum(a) function
Difference between flagella and cilia Cilia are small hair like rods vs Flagella is single and longer than cilium.
Membrane transport Brownian movement, diffusion,
Brownian Movement The constant movement of molecules (above absolute zero)
Diffusion movement of a substance across/thru a membrane
Membrane transport: routes thru the membrane Lipid bi-layer, protein channels, protein water pores
Route thru membrane: Lipid bi-layer for substances soluble in lipids (non-polar)
lipid bi-layer examples Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, steroids, anesthetics
Route thru membrane: Protein Channels Integral - for substances not soluble in lipids (polar)
Protein channels examples Na+, Cl-
Why can't water go thru non polar substance? Because it is polar
Cinamon gum example Cinamon oil is non polar which enabled for it to absorb into skin.
Passive systems no cellular energy required with movement down a concentration gradient; From higher to lower
Simple diffusion movement of substance directly through the lipid bi-layer.
Facilitated diffusion Passage through proteins via change in molecular structure of protein carriers.
Facilitated diffusion eg insulin promotes forms of diffusion of glucose.
Created by: Wends1984
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