Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Patho exam #1 pt 2
stress
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Why Study Stress? | Linked to leading causes of death Heart disease Cancer Accidents Suicide Chronic stress doubles risk of MI Related to 75% of office visits |
| Stress | -Perception that one cannot adequately cope with demands being made on person or well-being -Perception and personal meaning of a potential stressor influences response |
| Stress Response | Homeostasis -Body’s compensation to minor changes in needs or environment Stressor -Factor that creates significant change in body function |
| Stress Response | Severe or prolonged stress can cause dysfunction: -Increased wear and tear on tissues -Exhaustion of resources -Exacerbation of chronic conditions |
| GAS – General Adaptation Syndrome | Alarm stage Mobilization of defenses Hypothalamus, sympathetic nervous system, adrenal glands Resistance stage Elevation of hormone levels Body systems operate at peak performance Final stage Resolution or death |
| Significant Effects of Stress Response | Elevated blood pressure and increased heart rate Bronchiodilation and increased ventilation Increased blood glucose levels Arousal of the central nervous system Decreased inflammatory and immune responses |
| Factors Affecting Response to Stressors | Internal and external influences Key personal characteristics -Hardiness -Sense of coherence -Resilience -Attitude |
| Hardiness | Mediating factor in the relationship between stress and illness -Clear sense of personal values and goals -Strong tendency toward interaction with the environment -Sense of meaningfulness -Internal rather than external locus of control |
| Sense of Coherence | -Powerful mediator of stress and illness and a key determinant of health -Refers to how an individual sees the world and one’s life in it |
| Resilience and Attitude | Resilience: -Resourceful, flexible, and having available source of problem-solving strategies Attitude: -Positive emotional attitudes can prevent disease and prolong life |
| GAS "Alarm Reaction" | Perception of a stressor physically or mentally Fight-or-flight response is initiated Temporarily decreased resistance -May result in disease or death if the stress is prolonged and severe |
| GAS "Resistance" | -Ideal transition from alarm to resistance is quick -Few overt physical signs and symptoms occur compared with the alarm stage -Adaptation occurs or person advances to exhaustion |
| GAS "Exhaustion" | -Final stage of GAS -Occurs when all energy for adaptation has been exhausted |
| GAS "Exhaustion (Cont'd)" | -Physical symptoms of alarm reaction may briefly reappear in final effort by body to survive -This stage can be reversed by external sources such as medication |
| Physiologic Response | Stress affects three interrelated systems (nervous, endocrine, and immune) -Activation of these systems affects other systems (cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, renal, and reproductive) |
| Nervous System: Cerebral cortex | Plans a course of action after evaluating stressor in light of past experiences and future consequences |
| Nervous System (Cont'd): System | Mediator of emotions, feelings, and behavior that ensure survival and self-preservation |
| Nervous System (Cont'd): Reticular Formation | -Contains the reticular activating system to send alertness impulses to limbic system and cerebral cortex -Stress increases frequency of alertness impulses *Leads to wakefulness and sleep disturbances |
| Nervous System (Cont'd):Hypothalamus | -Central to connection between nervous and endocrine systems -Regulates the function of sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system |
| Endocrine System | Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) stimulates adrenal medulla to release epinephrine and norepinephrine (catecholamines) Sympathoadrenal response Fight-or-flight response |
| Endocrine System: Physiologic effects of cortisol | -Increases blood glucose levels -Potentiates catecholamine action on blood vessels -Inhibits the inflammatory response |
| Endocrine System:Corticosteroids | -Increase cardiac output, blood glucose levels, oxygen consumption, and metabolic rate -Blunt aspects of stress response that could be self-destructive if uncontrolled |
| Immune System: Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) | -Interdisciplinary science involving the interactions among psychologic, neurologic, and immune responses |
| Immune System (Cont'd) | -Brain is connected to the immune system by neuroanatomic and neuroendocrine pathways -Stressors have the potential to lead to alterations in immune function |
| Immune System (Cont'd): Acute and chronic stress can affect immune function | -Decreased number and function of natural killer cells -Altered lymphocyte proliferation -Decreased production of cytokines |
| Effects of Stress on Health | -Acute stress leads to physiologic changes that are important to one’s adaptive survival -If stress is excessive or prolonged, physiologic responses can be maladaptive and lead to harm and disease |
| Effects of Stress on Health " Stress effects": Cognitive Function | Poor concentration, impaired decision making, or memory problems |
| Effects of Stress on Health " Stress effects": Behavior | Withdrawing from others, irritability, or substance abuse |
| Effects of Stress on Health " Stress effects": Excessive activation of the sympathetic nervous system | -Induces hippocampal damage Memory impairment -Increases risk of cardiovascular disease |
| Potential Effects of Prolonged or Severe Stress: Renal Failure | Prolonged severe vasoconstriction; ischemia causes cell damage |
| Potential Effects of Prolonged or Severe Stress: Stress Ulcers | -Vasoconstriction and glucocorticoids -Decrease in mucosal regeneration and mucus production |
| Potential Effects of Prolonged or Severe Stress: Infection | Depression of the inflammatory and immune responses |
| Potential Effects of Prolonged or Severe Stress: Slowed healing-Following trauma or surgery | -Increased secretion of glucocorticoid – reduction in protein synthesis and tissue regeneration -Increased catecholamine levels – vasoconstriction – reduced nutrients and oxygen to the tissue |
| Potential Effects of Prolonged or Severe Stress: Post-traumatic stress disorder | -Serious consequence of major disaster or personal threat -Usually occurs within 3 months of event *May cause symptoms years later -High risk of developing dependence on drugs and/or alcohol |
| Coping | -A person’s cognitive and behavioral efforts to manage specific external or internal stressors that seem to exceed available resources |
| Types of coping | Positive (+)-activities such as exercise and use of social support Negative (-) may include substance abuse and denial |
| Coping (Cont'd) :Coping resources: | characteristics or actions drawn on to manage stress and include factors within the person or the environment Resources: -Health status -Belief systems -Problem-solving skills -Social skills and support -Financial |
| Coping Stress (cont'd) : Emotion-focused coping | -managing emotions that one feels when a stressful event occurs ***Purpose—to help decrease negative emotions and help create a feeling of well-being |
| Coping Stress (cont'd) :Problem-focused coping | -find solutions to resolve problems causing stress ***Purpose—allow one to look at a challenge objectively, take action to address the problem, and reduce the stress |
| Coping with Stress (additional information) | -Ensure adequate rest and a healthy diet. -Use creative solutions to minimize stressors and adapt quickly to stressor. -Regular moderate exercise -Engage in distracting activities. -Counseling and support services -Relaxation techniques |
Created by:
wakado408
Popular Nursing sets