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Ch 10 GU
Disorders for Test #3
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Urinary tract infections | Presence of microorganisms in any urinary system structure |
Bacteriuria | Bacteria in the urine |
Bacteriuria | The most common of all nosocomial infections |
Gram-negative microorganisms that commonly infect the urinary tract | E. Coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, Pseudomonas |
Cystitis | Inflammation of the wall of the urinary bladder |
The most common microorganism causing acute cystitis | E. Coli |
TURP | Transurethral resection of the prostate |
Specific gravity | Measures the patient's hydration status and gives information about the kidney's ability to concentrate urine |
BUN | Blood Urea Nitrogen |
BUN test | Used to determine the kidney's ability to rid the blood of non-protein nitrogen waste and urea |
BUN range | 10-20 mg/dL |
Blood Creatnine | A catabolic product of creatine, which is used in skeletal muscle contraction; only elevated by renal disorders |
Blood Creatnine range | 0.5-1.2 mg/dL |
Creatnine Clearance urine range | 87-139 mL/min |
Osmolality | The weight of the solute compared with its own weight |
Plasma osmolality | May be done when pituitary disorders are suspected |
KUB Radiography | Assesses the general status of the abdomen and the size, structure, and position of the urinary tract structures |
IVP or IVU | Intravenous Pyelogram or Intravenous Urography |
IVP | Evaluates structures of the urinary tract, filling of the renal pelvis with urine, and transport of urine via the ureters to the bladder |
Retrograde Pyelography | Examination of the lower urinary tract with cystoscope |
Voiding cystography | Used to detect abnormalities of the urinary bladder and the urethra; patient voids while radiographs are being taken |
Endoscopic Procedures | Visual examinations of hollow organs using an instrument with a scope and a light source |
Cystoscopy | Visual examination to inspect, treat or diagnose disorders of the urinary bladder and proximal structures |
Renal angiography | Aids in evaluating blood supply to the kidneys, evaluate masses, and detects possible complications after kidney transplantation |
Renal venogram | Provides information about the kidney's venous drainage |
Computed Tomography | Differentiates masses of the kidney; creates a three dimensional map of the renal structure |
MRI | Uses nuclear magnetic resonance to obtain a visual assessment of body tissues |
Coude catheter | Used when enlargement of the prostate is suspected |
Foley catheter | Continuous drainage |
Malecot, de Pezzer or mushroom catheters | Used to drain urine from the renal pelvis |
Robinson catheter | Used to facilitate intermittent drainage |
Ureteral catheter | Used to pass into the ureters |
Whistle-tip catheter | Used if there is blood in the urine |
Cystostomy, vesicostomy or suprapubic catheters | Used to divert urine flow away from the ureter |
Condom or external catheter | Used for the incontinent male to minimize skin irritation and risk of infection |
Amount of urine to cause urge | 250 mL |
Bladder holds... | 750-1000 mL |
Moderately full bladder | 450 mL |
What is in the urine? | Water, nitrogenous wastes and salts |
Albuminuria | Indicates possible renal disease, increased blood pressure or toxicity |
Glucosuria | Indicates high blood glucose level |
Hematuria | May indicate infection, tumors, or renal disease |
Ketonuria | Occurs when too many fatty acids are oxidized |
Leakocytes in the urine | Indicates infection in the urinary tract |
Potassium-sparing diuretics | Act on the distal convoluted tubule to inhibit sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion |
Potassium-sparing diuretic examples | Aldactone, Dyrenium |
Osmotic diuretics | Act at the proximal convoluted tubule to increase plasma osmotic pressure |
Osmotic diuretic example | Osmitrol |
Urolithiasis | Formation of urinary calculi that can occur in any area of the urinary tract |
Nephrolithiasis | Stones in the kidney |
Ureterolithiasis | Stones in the ureter |
Cystolithiasis | Stones in the bladder |
Urolithiasis | Develops from minerals that have precipitated out of solution and adhere, forming stones that vary in size and shape |
Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy | Alternative to surgery to remove kidney stones |
Stones in the lower tract | Can be removed by cystoscopy with stone manipulation or by surgical incision |
Azotemia | Excessive amounts of nitrogenous compounds in the blood |
Hematuria | Blood in the urine |
Pyuria | Pus in the urine |
Nocturia | Excessive urination at night |
Asthenia | General feeling of tiredness and listlessness |
Bacteriuria | Bacteria in the urine |
Ditropan | Reduces bladder spasms (antispasmodic) |
Urinary retention | Inability to void with an urge to void |
Stress incontinence | Involuntary loss of urine during physical exertion or when coughing, sneezing or laughing |
Neurogenic bladder | Loss of involuntary voiding control, resulting in urinary retention or incontinence |
Neurogenic bladder cause | A lesion of the nervous system that interferes with the normal nerve conduction of the urinary bladder |
Spastic bladder | Caused by a lesion above the voiding reflex that results in a loss of the urge to void and a loss of motor control |
Flaccid bladder | Caused by a lesion of a lower motor neuron that results in pooling of urine and incomplete emptying |
Urethritis | Inflammation of the urethra, presence or absence of gonorrhea |
Nongonorrheal is called... | Nonspecific urethritis |
Nonspecific urethritis may be caused by... | candidal or trichomonal infections in women |
Prostatitis | Inflammation and/or infection of the prostate gland |
Bacterial prostatitis | Caused by infectious organisms such as pseudomonas and S. fecalis |
Prostatodynia | Pain in the prostate gland |
Pyelonephritis | Inflammation of the structures of the kidney; renal pelvis, renal tubules, and interstitial tissue |
Pyelonephritis is almost always caused by... | E. coli |
Diagnosis of pyelonephritis is confirmed by... | Pus and blood in the urine |
Urinary obstruction | Obstruction at any point within the urinary tract |
Hydronephrosis | The dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces |
Hydronephrosis is caused by... | Obstructions in the lower urinary tract, the ureters or the kidneys |
Micturation | Voiding |
Majority of renal tumors are... | Malignant adenocarcinomas, also known as renal carcinoma |
The bladder | Is the most common site of cancer in the urinary tract |
Benign prostatic hypertrophy | The prostate enlarges, exerting pressue on the urethra and neck of the bladder which prevents complete emptying |
Prostatic cancer is most common in... | Men over 50 |
Nephritis | Characterized by inflammation of the kidney and abnormal function |
Glomerulonephritis | Preceded by an infection |
Renal failure | Kidney's inability to remove wastes, concentrate urine and conserve or eliminate electrolytes |
Most common cause of renal failure | Diabetes |
Chronic renal failure | Kidneys are unable to regain normal function |
Dialysis | Medical procedure for the removal of certain elements from the blood |
Nephrectomy | Surgical removal of the kidney |
Partial nephrectomy | Removal of only the diseased or infected portion of the kidney |
Radical nephrectmy | Removing the entire kidney, a section of the ureter, the adrenal gland, and the fatty tissues surrounding the kidney |
Nephrostomy | Incision created between the kidney and the skin to drain urine directly from the renal pelvis |