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wvc cancer terms
wvc cancer terms l. viser
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Malignant | a neoplasm that characteristically invades surrounding tissue, metastasizes to distant sites, and contains anaplastic cells. A malignant tumor may cause death if treatment does not intervene. |
| Antioxidants | a chemical or other agent that inhibits or retards oxidation of a substance to which it is added. |
| Mitosis -cell division in somatic cells & results in formation of 2 genetically identical daughter cells containing the diploid number of chromosomes. It consists of the division of the nucleus followed by the division of the cytoplasm. | during which the two chromatids of each chromosome separate and migrate to opposite ends of the cell. Mitosis is the process by which the body produces new cells for both growth and repair of injured tissue. |
| S phase of cell cycle | S-phase (synthesis phase) is the part of the cell cycle in which DNA is replicated |
| Benign neoplasm | localized tumor that has a fibrous capsule, limited potential for growth, a regular shape, and cells that are well differentiated. A benign neoplasm does not invade surrounding tissue or metastasize to distant sites. |
| Infiltrate | 1. v. to penetrate the interstices of a tissue or substance…2. n. the material or solution so deposited. |
| Metastasize | is the spread of a disease from one organ or part to another non-adjacent organ or part |
| Antineoplastic -chemotherapeutic agent controls/ kills cancer cells. Drugs used in the treatment of cancer are cytotoxic but are generally more damaging to dividing cells than to resting cells. | Cycle-specific antineoplastic agents are more effective in killing proliferating cells than resting cells, and phase-specific agents are most active during a specific phase of the cell cycle. |
| Adjuvant chemotherapy -the use of anticancer drugs after or in combination with another form of cancer treatment, as after apparently complete surgical removal of cancer cells. | The method is used when there is a significant risk that micrometastasis may still be present. Adjuvant chemotherapy is most commonly used in treating breast cancer. |
| Anorexia | a lack or loss of appetite, resulting in the inability to eat. The condition may result from poorly prepared or unattractive food or surroundings, unfavorable company, or various physical and psychologic causes. |
| Alopecia | a partial or complete lack of hair resulting from normal aging, an endocrine disorder, a drug reaction, an anticancer medication, or a skin disease. |
| Antiemetic | pertaining to a substance or procedure that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting. |
| Cachexic- or wasting syndrome is loss of weight, muscle atrophy, fatigue, weakness, and significant loss of appetite in someone who is not actively trying to lose weight. | cachexia is the loss of body mass that cannot be reversed nutritionally: even if the affected patient eats more calories, lean body mass will be lost, indicating there is a fundamental pathology in place |
| Staging -a system for describing the exact location, size, and extent of spread of a malignant tumor, used to plan treatment and predict prognosis. | Staging may involve a physical examination, diagnostic procedures, surgical exploration, and histologic examination. |
| TNM staging uses letter T to represent tumor, N for regional lymph node involvement, M for distant metastases, & numeric subscripts in each category to indicate the degree of dissemination. | T1N0M0 designates a small localized tumor; T2N1M0 is a larger primary tumor that has extended to regional nodes; and T4N3M3 is a very large lesion involving regional nodes & distant sites. |
| Grading- This system rates cancer cells with the lowest rating given to those cells that closely resemble normal cells and the highest rating given to cancer cells that barely resemble normal cells. | G1= Tumor cells are well differentiated and closely resemble the normal cells from which they arose. G4=Tumor cells are poorly differentiated and retain no normal cell characteristics. |
| Vesicant | a drug capable of causing tissue necrosis when extravasated. |
| Bone marrow suppression | suppression of bone marrow activity, resulting in reduction in the number of platelets, red cells, and white cells, such as in aplastic anemia. Also called myelosuppression. |
| Poorly differentiated | tumor cells which do not represent the cells in which they grew from, for example, Well differentiated adenocarcinomas tend to resemble the glandular tissue that they are derived from, while poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas may not. |
| Neutropenia | an abnormal decrease in the number of neutrophils in the blood. The decrease may be relative or absolute. Neutropenia is associated with acute leukemia, infection, rheumatoid arthritis, vitamin B12 deficiency, and chronic splenomegaly. |
| Leukopenia | an abnormal decrease in the number of white blood cells to fewer than 5000 cells per cubic millimeter. |
| Leukocytosis an abnormal increase in the number of circulating white blood cells. An increase often accompanies bacterial, but not usually viral, infections. | The normal range is 5000 to 10,000 white cells per cubic millimeter of blood. Leukemia may be associated with a white blood cell count as high as 500,000 |
| Thrombocytopenia | reduction in platelets. May be decreased production, decreased survival, & increased consumption of platelets or splenomegaly. Most common cause of bleeding disorders. Bleeding is usually from small capillaries. |
| Anemia - a decrease in quality hemoglobin levels below the normal range of 12 to 16 g/dL for women and 13.5 to 18 g/dL for men or in circulating red blood cells. | may be caused by a < in erythrocyte production, an increase in erythrocyte destruction, or a loss of blood. |
| Absolute neutrophils count (ANC) | measure of the number of neutrophil granulocytes present in the blood. ANC is calculated from measurements of the total number of white blood cells (WBC), usually based on the combined percentage of mature neutrophils |
| Nadir | the lowest point, such as the blood count after it has been depressed by chemotherapy. |
| Oncologic | of cancerous nature or origin |
| Toxic | 1.pertaining to a poison. 2.(of a disease or condition) severe and progressive. |
| Sentinel lymph node biopsy | dissection of the first lymph node in the chain of lymph nodes to catch metastatic tumor cells from a primary breast tumor or melanoma. |
| Debulk | surgical removal of part of a malignant tumour which cannot be completely excised, to enhance the effectiveness of radiation or chemotherapy. Used only in specific malignancies, partial removal of a tumor is not considered a worthwhile intervention |
| Palliation | focuses on relieving & preventing suffering of patients. palliative medicine is appropriate in all disease stages, including those undergoing treatment for curable illnesses & those living w/ chronic diseases &for patients who are nearing the end of life |
| Xerostomia | dryness of the mouth caused by cessation of normal salivary secretion. The condition is a symptom of various diseases |
| Lymph node dissection | lymphadenectomy, surgical removal of a lymph node or nodes. Also called lymph node dissection. |
| Cytotoxic Drugs any pharmacologic compound that inhibits the proliferation of cells. Such compounds as the alkylating agents & the antimetabolites designed to destroy cells (with a high growth fraction) | Cytotoxic agents have a potential for producing teratogenesis, mutagenesis, and carcinogenesis. |
| Mitotic index | the number of cells per unit (usually 1000 cells) undergoing mitosis during a given time. The ratio is used primarily as an estimation of the rate of tissue growth. |
| Melanoma | any of a group of malignant neoplasms that originate in the skin and that are composed of melanocytes. |
| Lymphoma- a type of neoplasm of lymphoid tissue that originates in the reticuloendothelial and lymphatic systems. It is usually malignant but in rare cases may be benign. It usually responds to treatment. | Two main kinds of lymphomas are Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). A third form, Burkitt's lymphoma, is rare in North America but relatively common in Central Africa. |
| Leukemia | malignant diseases characterized by diffuse replacement of bone marrow w/ proliferating leukocyte precursors, abnormal numbers and forms of immature white cells in circulation, & infiltration of lymph nodes, spleen, and liver. |
| Sarcoma | a malignant neoplasm of the soft tissues arising in fibrous, fatty, muscular, synovial, vascular, or neural tissue, usually first manifested as a painless swelling. |
| Glioma | any of the largest group of primary tumors of the brain, composed of malignant glial cells. |
| Adenocarcinoma -any one of a large group of malignant epithelial cell tumors of the glandular tissue. | Specific tumors are diagnosed and named by cytologic identification of the tissue affected; for example, an adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix is characterized by tumor cells resembling the glandular epithelium of the cervix. |
| Cancer in situ | a premalignant neoplasm that has not invaded the basement membrane but shows cytologic characteristics of cancer. Frequently occurs in cervix, anus, bronchi, buccal mucosa, esophagus, eye, lip, penis, uterine endometrium, & vagina. |
| Angiogenic | Angiogenesis is the physiological process involving the growth of new blood vessels from pre-existing vessels, it is also a fundamental step in the transition of tumors from a dormant state to a malignant one. |
| Apoptosis | necrosis of keratinocytes in which the nuclei of the necrotic cells dissolve and the cytoplasm shrinks, rounds up, and is subsequently phagocytized. The term generally refers to “programmed” cell death. |
| Radon- a radioactive, chemically inert, gaseous element. Its atomic number is 86, and its atomic mass is 222. A decay product of radium, radon is used in radiation cancer therapy. | Radon is also released by rocks, soil, and groundwater and is a common source of background radiation, with an intensity that varies in different geographic areas. |
| Anaplasia | a change in the structure and orientation of cells, characterized by a loss of differentiation and reversion to a more primitive form. Anaplasia is characteristic of malignancy. |
| Hypertrophy | an increase in the size of an organ caused by an increase in the size of the cells rather than the number of cells. The cells of the heart and kidney are particularly prone to hypertrophy. |
| Hyperplasia | an increase in the number of cells of a body part that results from an increased rate of cellular division. Types of hyperplasia include compensatory, hormonal, and pathologic. |
| Dysplasia | abnormal development of tissues or organs. alteration in cell growth resulting in cells that differ in size, shape, and appearance, often as a result of chronic irritation. Common in respiratory tract in smokers and the cervix. |
| Tumor marker | substance found in the blood, urine, or body tissues that can be elevated in cancer.. There are many different tumor markers, each indicative of a particular disease process, and they are used in oncology to help detect the presence of cancer |
| Suppressor gene | a gene that is able to reverse the effect of a specific kind of mutation in other genes. |
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