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Nursing 3 Exam 2
Concepts of Immunity
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| specialized cells,tissues,and organs are located throughout the body including... | 1.WBC's 2.thymus and bone marrow 3.spleen,lymphoid tissues,and lymph nodes and tonsils |
| antigens... | immune response is initiated when the body comes in contact w/a foreign substance |
| What does each cell have? | antigens unique to each individual, which is recognized as the "self" vs "non-self" |
| effectiveness of the immune system depends on... | its ability to differentiate normal host tissue from abnormal or foreign tissue and the ability to distinguish btwn self vs non-self cells(human vs animal cells eg.) |
| key functions in immunity... | 1.defends agains pathogens,viruses,fungi,& parasites 2.removes and destroys dead or damaged cells 3.identifies & removes malignant cells(looks for cancer cells) |
| Types of immunity... | innate(natural) and acquired(adaptive) |
| innate(natural) immunity... | exists without prior contact w/an antigen.involves nonspecific responses |
| acquired(adaptive) immunity... | involves an invastion of foreign substances(microorganisms,eg.) w/subsequent antibody development and lyphocyte sensitization |
| three processes necessary for immunity... | inflammation, antibodity mediated immunity(AMI or humeral immunity) and cell mediated immunity |
| process of imflammation... | red,hot & swollen then WBC's attack, WBC's die then pus seeps out |
| mutated cells... | cancer |
| activation... | response to some type of minor or major injury |
| nonspecific activation... | innate-without prior contact of an antigen:inflammation that prevents or limits entry of invader/injury (local) |
| specific activation... | acquired-immune response acts when inflammatory response is unable to destroy defending organisms(systemic) |
| WBC's... | produced in bone marrow, move through body via blood stream and through tissue spaces |
| general function of WBC's... | able to distinguish body's own cells from foreign cells and attach and remove foreign cells or own bodys damaged cells |
| measurement of total WBC... | part of CBC, normal count 5,000-10,000/mm3 |
| leukocytosis... | WBC's are greater than 10,000 |
| leucopenia... | WBC's are less than 5,000 |
| types of WBC's... | major groups are granulocytes,monocytes,lyphocytes |
| Neutrophils... | 1st line of defense, foot soldiers. make up 55-70% of the total WBC count. |
| neutrophils arise from... | stem cells and complete the maturation process in the bone marrow |
| mature neutrophils are also called... | segmented or segs or polymorphonuclear cells or polys |
| immature neutrophils are called... | bands or stabs |
| shift to the left... | most of the neutrophils released into the blood stream are segmented neutrophils; only a small amt are bands |
| shift to the left... | clincal sign indicating that the clients bone marrow cant produce enough mature neutrophils to keep pace w/the continuing presence of microorganisms and is releasing immature neutrophils into the blood.these cells however are not capable of phagocytosis |
| eosinophils... | 1-4% total circulating leukocytes, found in large amts in resp and GI tract, protect against parasitic worms and involved in hypersensitivity |
| basophils... | 0.5-1% total circulating leukocytes, contain protein and chemicals including heparin,histamine,that are released during hypersensitivity reactions, stress |
| monocytes... | largest WBC, 2-3% total circulating leukocytes, migrate to tissue and can live for yrs, phagocytic agains lg foreign particles and cell debris, defesnse against chronic infections such as tb and viral infections |
| macrophages... | more grown up monocytes |
| lymphocytes... | special teams. 20-40% of total circulating leukocytes, effectors and regulators of specific immune responses |
| immune surveillance of lyphocytes... | monitor for and destroy cancerous cells and circulate constantly but concentrate in lymphoid tissues including lymph nodes, differential only looks at total lymphocyte percentage |
| 3 types of lymphocytes which work together... | T Lymphocytes(mature in thymus gland), B Lymphocytes(mature in bone marrow), NK cells(natural killer cells):immune surveillance |
| Each body cell displays cell specific surface characteristics or ______ that are unique to each person(human leukocyte antigens) | markers |
| immunocompetent individuals have an immune system that identifies sntigens and destroys ro removes them. T or F | True |
| alterations in immune function... | overreaction or underreaction |
| overreaction of immune function... | hypersensitivity reactions:allergy, autoimmune disorders-loss of body's ability to recognize self; therefore body attacks its own cells, ex:rheumatoid arthritis and lupus erythematosus |
| underreaction of immune function... | immune system is underresponsive or incompetent(immunocompromised) as in malignancies, severe infections, or AIDS |
| T cells... | must do fighting or manage |
| B cells... | produce antibodies,dont fight |
| leukocyte action... | recognition of self vs nonself, phagocytic destruction of foreign invaders, cellular debris & abnormal self cells, Lytic destruction,production fo antibodies,activation of complement, production of hormones that stimulate increased formation of leukocytes |
| leukocyte action... | production of hormones that increase leukocyte growth and development |
| antigne antibody interactions... | exposure and invasion,antigen recognition,lymphocyte sensitization,antibody binding,sustanined immunity-memory |
| antibody mediated immunity(humeral)... | beta lymphocytes(B cells)mature in bone marrow & then migrate to the spleen to await activation. activated by contact w/an antigen & T cells |
| primary function of antibody mediated immunity(humeral)... | to becom sensitized to a specific foreign protein & to produce antibodies directed at the protein |
| antibodies(humeral) are... | immunoglobulins |
| 5 types of immunoglobulins... | IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM |
| IgG... | most produced immunoglobulin, 75%, activates complement:the only Ig to cross the placenta, providing immune protection to neonate |
| IgA... | (10-15%), found in saliva, tears,and bronchial, GI, prostatic, and baginal secretions as well as blood and lymph |
| IgM... | (5-10%) first antibody produced w/primary response; high concentrations early in infection, decreases w/in a wk;mediates cytotoxic response and activates complement, found in blood and lymph |
| IgD... | <1% found in blood and lymph and surfaces of B cells;exact function unknown |
| IgE... | <0.1% found on mast cells and basophils; involved in release of chemical mediators respnsible for immediate hypersensitivity(allergic and anaphylactic) response |
| cell mediated immunity... | T lymphocytes, helper/inducer cells, suppressor T cells, cytotoxic/cytolytic T cells, natural killer cells(NK cells) |
| Helper/Inducer T cells... | contains T4 protein, also known as CD4+, stimulates activity of leukocytes, secretes cytokines-act as as messengers between cells |
| suppressor T cells... | contains T8, prevent continuous overreactions, balnaced when helper/inducer T cells outnumber suppressor T cells by 2:1, |
| suppressor T cells... | when ratio decreases:suppression of immune functions;body becomes vulnerable to infection, when ratio increases:overreaction to inflammation can occur |
| cytotoxic/cytolytic T cells(effector T cells)... | also called CD8-involved in attacking antigens on the cell membrane of foreign pathogens, release cytolytic substances that destroy the pathogen |
| natural killer cells | looks for mutated cancer cells, most effective in destroying unhealthy or abnormal cells |
| cytokines | messengers, small protein hormones produced by some leukocytes, regulate a variety of inflammatory and immune responses, stimulate B cells to become plasma cells and produce antibodies |
| sustained memory... | primary immune response-evdent 4-8 days after initial exposure of antigen IfM first immunoglobulin to appear & memory cells are formed. secondary immune response-occurs faster(1-3 days) is much stronger and last longer. IgG now predominates |
| allergies | caused when the immune system mistakenly reacts to a foreign antigen that is no threat to the body |
| four classes of allergic response... | anaphylactic hypersensitivity-IgE(systemic level-shock(type 1),cytotoxic-type 2, ex:ABO incompatibility,Immune complex medicated(type 3)ex:RA,Lupus(antigen antibody cell-settle in tissue-now tissues get inflamed),cell mediated(delayed)-type 4,ex:contact d |
| anaphylactic hypersensitivity... | type 1, characterized by an immediate reaction to the offending allergen upon second contact, one of the more common types of allergies,heredity predisposition,process involves B ells, mast cells & basophils |
Created by:
jbittner
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