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IV - WK4 - Gr. Proj
Electrolytes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Normal range of calcium | 9-10.5 mg/Dl |
| Why we need calcium | normal clotting and muscle contraction and relaxation |
| Hypocalcemia S | Neuromuscular irritation and increased excitability and tetany. Memory impairment, dilutions, seizures, and possible congestive heart failure. |
| Chvostek sign | spasm of the facial muscles elicited by tapping the facial nerve in the region of the parotid gland; seen in tetany. |
| Trousseau’s sign | An indication of latent tetany in which carpal spasm occurs when the upper arm is compressed, as by a tourniquet or a blood pressure cuff. |
| A nurse is caring for a patient with hypocalcemia, which electrocardiogram changes might they find? | Prolonged QT wave |
| Magnesium normal range | 1.5 – 2.5 mEq/L |
| Magnesium Physiology | Enzyme action, helps carb and protein metabolism Regulation of neuromuscular activity Regulation of electrolyte balance by facilitating transport of sodium and potassium across cell membranes |
| Magnesium sources | Avocados. Canned white fish tuna, cauliflower, oatmeal, green leafy vegetables, yogurt, milk, peanut butter, peas, pork, beef, chicken, potatoes, raisins. |
| Hypermagnesemia Signs & Symptoms | Depressed of peripheral and central neuromuscular transmissions Flushing of skin, warmth, lethargy, sedation, hypoactive deep tendon reflexes |
| Hypermagnesemia Treatment | Decrease oral Mg intake Administer diuretics Medication Support respiratory function |
| Hypomagnesemia serum level | <1.0 mEq/L |
| Hypermagnesemia serum level | >2.5 mEq/L |
| Hypomagnesemia Cause/Etiology | considered to be one of the most underdiagnosed electrolyte deficiencies; Alcoholism, malabsorption syndrome especially in the small intestine, prolonged malnutrition or starvation, prolonged diarrhea |
| Hypomagnesemia Signs & Symptoms | Neuromuscular symptoms, hyperactive reflexes, coarse tremors, muscle cramps, positive Chvostek’s and Trousseau’s signs, seizures paresthesia of feet and legs, painfully cold hands and feet, disorientation, tachycardia, and increased potential for digital |
| Hypomagnesemia Treatment | find the cause of decreased magnesium levels, administer oral magnesium salts, administer magnesium in IV drip or direct IV drip, keep accurate I&O records, monitor vital signs, muscle weakness, for digitalis toxicity, dysphagia, nausea and vomiting. |
| METABOLIC acidosis & alkalosis Role | Electrolytes work with fluids to maintains health and well-being. They’re found in various concentrations, depending on whether they are inside or outside the cells. Electrolytes are crucial for nearly all cellular reactions and functions. |
| Acid Normal Range: | 7.35-7.45 |
| Metabolic Acidosis | … THIS OCCURS WHEN THE BODY IS PRODUCING TOO MUCH ACID, OR THE KIDNEYS AREN’T REMOVING ENOUGH ACID FROM THE BLOODSTREAM. IT CAN BE A CONSEQUENCE OF: DIABETES (WHEN KETONE BODIES BUILD.UP DURING UNCONTROLLED DIABETES), OR OF AN EXCESSIVE LOSS OF SODIUM |
| Metabolic Acidosis S | CNS: headache, confusion, drowsiness RESP: Increased respiratory rate. Kussmaul respirations = deep labored breathing (a form of hyperventilation). breathing begins as rapid and shallow, but as the acidosis worsens, breathing becomes deep, slow, labor |
| Metabolic Acidosis Causes | Stress Exposure to toxins Certain foods Immune deficiencies Heredity |
| METABOLIC ALKALOSIS | THIS OCCURS WHEN THE [PH] OF TISSUE IS ELEVATED BEYOND THE NORMAL RANGE (7.35-7.45). IT IS A RESULT OF A DECREASE IN H+ IONS (WHICH IMPLIES AN INCREASE IN BICARBONATE, DUH). |
| Metabolic Alkalosis Causes | Diarrhea Vomiting Antacids Aspirin poisoning High altitude Underlying respiratory problems Over-Hyperventilation; an effort of the body to decrease acidity of the blood. |
| Metabolic ALKALOSIS S | CNS: Dizziness, impaired mentation (impaired thought) MS: Tingling of fingers and toes, circumoral paresthesia-tingling & numbness around the mouth (similar to sensation of foot falling asleep), hypertonic reflexes (extreme muscle tension- spasms) CV: h |
| Chloride Normal expected range: | 95 - 108 mEq/L |
| Roles of Chloride | Regulation of serum osmolarity Regulation of fluid balance i.e., when Na+ is retained, Cl- is also retained causing water retention and increased fluid volume Control of acidity of gastric juice Formation of Hydrochloric acid Regulation of acid-base |
| Hypochloremia | Chloride deficit |
| Hypochloremia causes | Sodium loss Vomiting Prolonged nasogastric or fistula drainage At times possible with Potassium loss |
| Hypochloremia S | Related to signs and symptoms of Hyponatremia and Hypokalemia |
| Hyperchloremia | chloride excess |
| Hyperchloremia causes | Rare occurrence Possible when bicarbonate levels fall Chloride anions increase in an effort to compensate and maintain equal numbers of cations in body fluid |
| Hyperchloremia S | Chloride imbalances rarely occur independently No specific signs or symptoms to identify |
| Phosphorus Normal Range | 3.0-4.5 mg/dL |
| Role of Phosphorus | plays a huge part in filtering out waste from the kidneys and helps the body to store energy efficiently. Is needed for maintenance, growth, repair of tissues and cells Also essential for the production of DNA and RNA |
| Hypophosphatemia | serum level is below 1.7 mEq/L |
| Hypophosphatemia S | Symptoms-can affect the CNS, neuromuscular and cardiac status, and the blood disorientation, confusion, seizures, paresthesia (early), profound muscle weakness, tremor, ataxia, incoordination, dysarthria, dysphagia, and congestive cardiomyopathy affects |
| Hyperphosphatemia | > 4.5 mg/dL (2.6 mEq/L |
| Hyperphosphatemia Pt S/S | Hypocalcemia Tetany (short-term) Soft tissue calcification (long-term) Mental changes (apprehension, confusion, and coma) Increased 2,3- DPG levels in RBC’s |
| Potassium daily req | 40 mEq |
| Potassium normal range | 3.5 to 5.5 mEqL |
| Potassium Role | Regulation of Fluid Volume within the cell. Promotion of nerve Impulse Transmission. Contraction of Skeletal, Smooth and Cardiac Muscle. Control of Hydrogen ion (H+) concentration, Acid-base Balance. When potassium moves out of the cell hydrogen ions |
| Hypokalemia S | Serum Potassium Levels less than 3.5 mEq/L GI symptoms (nausea, vomiting, anorexia) Irritability Fatigue Muscle weakness Diminished deep tendon flexes Flaccid paralysis Increased sensitivity to digitalis ECG changes In SEVERE Hypokalemia |
| Hypokalemia normal range | Less than 3.5 mEq/L |
| Hypokalemia S | Serum Potassium levels above 5.5 mEq/L Changes in ECGs Irregular pulse Vague muscle weakness Flaccid paralysis Anxiety GI Symptoms: Nausea, Abdominal Cramping and diarrhea |
| Acid Base BALANCE | The regulation of Hydrogen (H) ion concentration in body fluids pH of fluid reflects the H concentration. Based on the concentration of H ions in a given solution --makes it basic or acidic. The lower the H concentration= higher pH value; the higher th |
| Acid Base BALANCE Role | Lungs form a second line defense in maintaining the acid-base balance Increase in acid carbon dioxide lowers pH of blood= acidotic Decrease in acid carbon dioxide raises pH of blood=alkaline Rate of respiration affects H ion concentration |
| Resp. Acidosis | carbonic acid excess; caused by inadequate excretion of carbon dioxide and inadequate ventilation, resulting in an increase of serum levels or carbon dioxide and H2CO3. Acute respiratory acidosis is usually associated with emergency situations. |
| Resp Alkalosis | carbonic acid deficit; |
| Resp Acidosis S | Tachypnea Dyspnea Dizziness Seizures Warm, flushed skin Ventricular fibrillation *Chronic signs and symptoms occur if Paco2 exceeds the body’s ability to compensate, and include respiratory symptoms. |
| Resp Alkalosis S | light-headedness the inability to concentrate numbness and tingling of the extremities (circumoral parasthesia) tinnitus, palpitations epigastric pain blurred vision precordial pain (tightness) sweating dry mouth tremulousness seizures |
| Sodium Normal Range | 135 to 145 mEq/L |
| Hyponatremia | low sodium level, less than 135 mEq/L |
| Hypoatremia S | Loss of taste Anorexia Muscle cramps Exhaustion Focal weakness Fingerprint edema, if acute |
| Hypernatremia | High sodium level, more than 145 mEq/L |
| Hypernatremia S | Thirst Elevated body temperature Swollen tongue Red, dry, sticky mucous membranes Tachycardia Disorientation and irritability or hyperactivity when physically stimulated |
Created by:
MarieG
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