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esjastad respdi
resp digestion
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Microscopic air sac within the lung, where gas exchange takes place | Alveolus |
| cessation of breathing after expiration | apnea |
| the bronchi and their branches that carry air from the trachea to the alveoli of the lungs | bronchial tree |
| a primary branch of the trachea that leads to the lung | bronchus |
| a small branch of a bronchus within the lung | bronchioles |
| the ultilization of O2 by the cells to produce energy ATP, CO2 and H20 | cellular respiration |
| ring shaped mass of cartilage at the base of the larynx | cricoid cartilage |
| difficult or labored breathing | dyspnea |
| normal quiet breathing | eupnea |
| exchange of gases between alveoli and blood | external respiration |
| prolonged rapid and deep breathing | hyperventilation |
| decrease in respiratory rate, very slow and shallow breathing | hypoventilation |
| deficiency of O2 in arterial blood | Hypoxemia |
| Deficiency of O2 reaching the tissues and cells | Hypoxia |
| Subcategory of Hypoxia due to diminshed blood flow | ichemic hypoxia |
| Subcategory of Hypoxia due to diminished RBC's and Hemoglobin | Anemix hypoxia |
| exchange of gases between the blood and tissues or body cells | internal respiration |
| process of mechanically moving air into and out of the lungs | pulmonary ventilation |
| the entire process of exchanging gases between the atmosphere and body cells | respiration |
| one inspiration followed by one expiration | respiratory cycle |
| the force that adheres moist membranes due to the attraction of water molecules | surface tension |
| increased breathing frequency but not necessarily an increase in tidal volume | tachypnea |
| includes the nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx | upper respiratory tract |
| includes the larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs | lower respiratory tract |
| bone and cartilage with 2 nostrils for air passage is called | the nose |
| hollow space behind the nose | nasal cavity |
| seperates nasal cavity into left and right halves, composed of bone and cartilage | nasal septum |
| bones that curl out from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity | nasal conchae |
| what do the nasal conchae do? | they increase the surface area and support the mucous membranes which line the nasal cavity |
| lines the nasal cavity and contains pseudostratified ciliated epithelium rich in goblet cells | Mucous membranes (mucous secreting cells) |
| What do mucous membranes doin the nose? | warms and moistens the air, cilia traps debris |
| specialized epithelial cells located superiorly in the nasal cavity | olfactory receptor cells |
| what function do olfactory receptor cells serve? | chemoreceptors, stimulated by chemicals dissolved in the mucous of the nasal passages, used for smelling |
| air filled spaces located within the frontal ethmoid, spehnoid and maxillary bones and open into the nasal cavity | paranasal sinuses |
| this lightens the skull and act as resonance chambers for sound | paranasal sinuses (the mucous membranes that line the sinuses are continous with the lining of the nasal cavity |
| behind the oral cavity and between the nasal cavity and larynx | pharynx (throat) |
| General purpose of Pharynx | passage for food and air |
| Area behind the nasal cavity from the nasal septum to the soft palate that houses the pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) and the opening for the auditory (eustachian) tube. | Nasopharynx |
| area from the soft palate to the hyoid bone responsible for passing food to the stomach and air to the lungs and houses the palatine and lingual (glossal) tonsils | Oropharynx |
| area located from the hyoid bone to the cricoid cartilage | laryngopharynx |
| the right and left tubes open into the nasopharynx, provides a connection to the middle ear, permits equalization of pressure between the external and middle ear | eustachian tubes |
| composed of cartilage, muscles, and other connective tissues, it houses the vocal cords | Larynx (voice box) |
| Components of the Larynx | Thyroid and cricoid cartilage, cricothyroid membrane, vocal folds (cords), Glottis, Epiglottis |
| Superior large fused cartilage forming the anterior and lateral wall of the larynx | Thyroid cartilage (adams apple) |
| Inferior portion of the larynx that attaches to the trachea | Cricoid Cartilage |
| mucous membranes that extend on each side from the thyroid cartilages to the arytenoid cartilages | Vocal Folds (cords) |
| Made up of 16-20 C shaped cartilage rings. Lined with ciliated mucous membranes and goblet cells which filters air, traps particles and moves the debris toward the pharynx | Trachea |
| Purpose of the Trachea | to conduct air to the lungs |
| branched airways connecting the trachea to the microscopic sacs of the lungs, similar in structure to the trachea but has less cartilage | Bronchial Tree |
| Right and left primary come off of the trachea at the level of the fifth thoracic vertebra | Bronchi |
| The primary bronchi divide into | secondary bronchi |
| how many branches are on the right and left lungs | three on the right and two on the left (one for each lobe of the lung) |
| Secondary bronchi divide into progressively smaller tubes and become ______ | bronchioles |
| Spasm and constriction of the muscles in the bronchi and bronchioles cause this respiratory problem | Asthma |
| small tubes of smooth muscles with no cartilage that branch into the alveolar ducts | bronchioles |
| the alveolar ducts connect to thin walled out pouchings called | alveolar sacs |
| Where does gas exchange take place? | in the Alveoli |
| Microscopic terminal chambers (sacs) surrounded by a capillary network | Alveoli |
| Continous exchange of what gasses occurs through the walls of the alveoli | 02 diffuses into the capillary blood and CO2 diffused out |
| What edible object does Alveoli resemble? | a cluster of grapes |
| Alveoli are made of what type of cells? | simple squamous epithelial cells less than 1 micron thick (all alveoli laid out would cover 70 square meters) |
| Alveoli ____ during inhalation and ___ during exhalation | inflate, deflate |
| Certain alveolar cells secrete this substance that reduces the surface tension in the alveoli making it easier to expand them during inhalation and prevent the walls from sticking during exhalation | surfactant |
| spongy, cone shaped organs composed of tubular structures and alveoli bound together by elastic connective tissue | Lungs |
| The lungs are encased by _____ and separated by ______ | encased by the ribs and diaphragm, and separated by the mediastinum. |
| this lines the lungs and the inner wall of the thoracic cavity | Visceral pleura:lungs and parietal pleura: thoracic cavity |
| the potential space between the visceral and parietal pleura which contains a thin layer of serous fluid (lubricant reduces friction) | intrapleural space |
| Thicker and broader than its counterpart, but somewhat shorter because of the diaphragm to accommodate the liver, composed of three lobes | Right Lung |
| Composed of two lobes and has an indentation (cardiac notch) in which the heart lies | Left lung |
| movement of air from outside the body into and out of the alveoli | breathing or ventilation |
| inspiration is caused by the contraction of | the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles |
| a dome shaped muscle that attaches to the lower ribs, sternum, and vertebral column (shaped like a parachute) | the diaphragm |
| the diaphragm is innervated by this nerve | phrenic nerve |
| when the diaphragm contracts it moves | downward |
| external intercostal muscles are located____ | between the ribs |
| when external intercostal muscles contract they | raise the ribs and elevate the sternum |
| What are two accessory muscles in breathing and what do they do | pectoralis minor and sternocleidomastoid pulls the thoracic cage further upward and outward |
| describe the end of inspiration | when the reduction of pressure inside the lungs are equalized due to the rush of air from atmospheric pressure |
| Which cervical vertebrae if injured can cause paralysis of inspiratory muscles | Above C3 due to origin of the phrenic nerve |
| A passive process in which the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles relax, the process of pushing air out of the lungs | expiration |
| pressure inside the lungs exceed atmospheric pressure, causes air to be forced out of the lungs. the force comes from elastic recoil of thoracic tissue | expiration |
| contraction of the internal intercostals, compresses the rib cage and the abdominal muscles to compress the abdominal viscera and push the diaphragm up. This action squeezes additional air out of the lungs | Forced Expiration |
| measure by spirometry, different intensities move different amounts of air into and out of the lungs | respiratory volumes |
| volume of air that is inspired or expired during a normal respiratory cycle, about 500 ml | Tidal Volume (TV) |
| constitutes the maximum air that can be inspired beyond normal tidal inspiration during forced inspiration, about 3000-3300 ml | inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) |
| max amount of air that can be expired beyond normal tidal expiration during forced expiration, about 1100-1200ml | expiratory reserve volume (ERV) |
| the amount of air that remains in the lungs, allows gas exchange between breaths, 1200ml | Residual Volume (RV) |
| the maximum amount of air a person can exhale after taking the deepest breath possible | Vital capacity (4500-5000ml) |
| varies with age, sex and body size. vital capacity combined with residual volume equals | total lung capacity (5700-6200ml) |
| Factors that control breathing | involuntary act, continues if unconcious, are under voluntary control for a short time until rising CO2 stimulates the the urge to inhale. Fear anxiety and pain can increase the respiratory rate causing hyperventilation |
| the respiratory center is located here and it controls both inspiration and expiration | the brainstem |
| responsible for the rhythmicity of breathing by emitting impulses which signal the diaphragm and other inspiratory muscles to contract | the medulla oblongata |
| pneumotaxic area responsible for the rate of breathing, regulates the duration of each inspiratory burst | The Pons |
| regulates the depth of breathing, stretch receptors send impulses via the vagus nerves onto the pneumotaxic area to shorten the inspiratory phase, prevents over inflation during forceful breathing | inflation reflex |
| the medulla oblongata is sensitive to slight changes in these chemicals levels in cerebrospinal fluid, changes to these chemicals affect the rate and depth of breathing to expel or conserve the chemicals as needed | CO2 and H+ |
| composition of air inhaled into the alveoli | 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.04% CO2 |
| what percent of O2 is transported by hemoglobin? and what percent is dissolved in plasma. | 97% hemo, 3% dissolved |
| factors determining how much O2 is released (liberated) from oxyhemoglobin | Higher CO2 concentrations, the more acidic the blood, higher body temperature, the less active the cell the less O2. |
| CO2 is transported in what percentages and in what forms? | 10% dissolved in plasma, 20% in carbaminohemoglobin, largest is 70% in bicarbonate ions |
| CO2 combines with H2O to form what? | carbonic acid H2CO3 |
| RBCs have _______ that speeds up the slow process (carbonic acid formation) in plasma | Carbonic Anhydrase |
| Carbonic acid breaks down into what | H+ and a bicarbonate Ion HCO3- |
| When carbonic acid breaks where do the two molecules go? | H+ combines with hemoglobin, and HCO3- diffuses into the plasma |
| as blood reaches the alveolar capillary bed the dissolved CO2 diffuses into the lung, and what does H+ and HCO3- do? | they recombine in the RBC |
| H+ and HCO3- do what in the presence of carbonic anhydrase? | theyre further reduced to H2O and CO2 |
| has a ph less than 7.0 | acid, acidic |
| negative charged ions | anion |
| has a ph greater than 7.0 | base, akaline |
| accepts and relinquishes H+ thereby minimizing changes in free H+ concentration. | Buffer |
| positive charged ions | cation |
| CO2 | Carbon Dioxide |
| C3H6O3 | Lactic Acid |
| Substance that dissolves in water and results in a solution that conducts an electric current | electrolyte |
| Describe the electric charge symbols | + or - indicates the substance is ionic in nature and has an imbalanced distribution of electrons. the result of chemical breakdown |
| HCO3 | bicarbonate |
| H2CO3 | cabonic acid |
| defined as balance | homeostasis |
| H+ | hydrogen |
| an atom or group of bonded atoms which have lost or gained one or more electrons making them - or + charged | Ion |
| describes the loss of electrons by a molecule, atom or ion | oxidation |
| stands for the power of H, or H+ ions acids or bases take or contribute in solution. It expresses the acid, base or neutralness of a solution | pH |
| describes the gain of electrons by a molecule, atom or ion | reduction |
| these work to keep electrolyte concentrations in your blood constant despite changes in your body | Kidneys |
| all cells especially nerve, heart and muscle use this to maintain voltages across their cell membranes, they carry electrical impulses across themselves and to other cells | electrolytes |
| in human physiology the primary electrolytes are | Sodium (Na+) potassium (K+) calcium (Ca2+) magnesium (Mg2+) chloride (Cl-) Phosphate (PO43-) hydrogen carbonate (HCO3-) Bicarbonate |
| electrolytes are lost this way, mainly sodium and potassium, and can be replaced with sports drinks | sweat |
| how do most children lose electrolytes? and what substance replaces them? | vomiting and diarrhea, pedialyte replaces the loss |
| why should sports drinks not be given to a sick child? | higher sugar concentrations, sugar is not a proper treatment |
| Acid-base equilibrium is closely tied to | fluid and electrolyte balance |
| what does a pH level of 7 mean? | neutral solution |
| What is the range on the pH scale? | 0-14 |
| Normal blood pH ranges from | 7.35-7.45 |
| the body was designed to be ______ but becomes _______ through function | akaline, acidic |
| life is compatible between what pH range? | 6.8-8.0 |
| Acidic body areas and their pH levels | Urine 4.5-6, Colon 6.8, outer skin 5.2, stomach 2 |
| Akaline areas of the body | inner skin 7.35, pancreatic juics 7.5-8.8, small intestine 8 |
| why is the stomach so acidic? | to digest proteins |
| why is the skin acidic? | to kill microbes before they enter the body |
| Aerobic (O2) metabolism of glucose results in | carbonic acid, CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 |
| What is another name for the citric acid cycle? | Krebs cycle |
| what is the waste product of the krebs cycle? | CO2 and H2O |
| Anaerobic (no O2) metabolism of glucose results in | lactic acid (C3H6O3) |
| when the oxygen supply is fully utilized, additional energy is released by | metabolizing glycogen to pyruvate and lactate |
| two main features of anaerobic exercise are | glycogen depletion and lactic acidosis |
| this is converted in carbon dioxide for exhalation or its converted back into glucose by the liver | Lactic acid |
| what organ removes excess levels of lactic acid? | the kidneys |
| incomplete oxidation of fatty acids results in | production of ketone bodies which are acidic causing hydrogen ion concentration to rise |
| oxidation of amino acids containing sulfur results in | sulfuric acid |
| breakdown of proteins results in | phosphoric acid |
| what do buffer systems do? and what are the 3 main systems? | they prevent major changes in pH and act as sponges. Sodium Bicarbonate is a carbonic acid buffer Phosphate buffer and protein buffer |
| Buffers minimize changes in pH by converting strong acids and bases to | weak acids and bases |
| the overall acid base balance of the body is maintained by controlling this in body fluids, especially extracellular fluid | H+ |
| Sodium bicarbonate buffer is the most important in the blood and its active in | ECF and ICF (intra extra cell fluids) |
| Phosphate buffer is primarily for the kidneys and is active in | ICF fluid |
| Protein buffer is the largest buffer store active in | ECF and ICF (intra extra cell fluids) |
| the bodies major buffer is what two molecules? | carbonic acid and sodium bicarbonate |
| what would bathing alot do to the skins pH? | make it more akaline |
| what will cran berry juice do to the urines pH? | make it more acidic |
| what is the waste product of the krebs cycle | CO2 and H20 |
| the breakdown of proteins for energy produces what form of ions | phosphoric acid |
| what is the ratio of carbonic acid to bicarbonate | 1 to 20 |
| as CO2 increases what happens to carbonic acid, H+ and the pH? | carbonic acid and H+ increase, and the pH drops becoming more acidic |
| as HCO3 increases what happens to H+ and the pH? | H+ decreases and the pH rises becoming more akaline |
| CO2 concentrations are controlled by what organ? | the lungs |
| HCO3 concentrations are controlled by what organ? | the kidneys |
| How long does it take the lungs to respond CO2 levels | seconds to minutes |
| how is CO2 concentrations measured? | by PaCO2 (partial pressure) obtained through ABG |
| whats the normal CO2 concentrations? | 35-45mm Hg |
| the kidneys control H+ and HCO3 retention and excretion, how long does it take to respond to changes? | hours to days (48-72 hours) |
| what is the normal range of HCO3? | 22-26 mEq/L |
| At what pH level is blood considered acidic | 7.35 or below |
| at what pH level is blood considered akaline | 7.45 or above |
| What is respiratory acidosis and what are some factors that cause it? | excess CO2, secondary to COPD, emphysema, pneumonia, hypoventilation, pulmonary edema, inadequate mechanical ventilation |
| What are some symptoms of respiratory acidosis and how is it treated | labored breathing, cyanosis, CNS depression, drowsiness, stupor, disorientation, treated with ventilation therapy, HCO3- IV |
| What is metabolic acidosis? | decrease in HCO3- and suqsequent decreased pH, or an increase in metabolic acids |
| what are the symptoms and treatment for metabolic acidosis? | rapid deep breathing, treated with NaHCO3 IV |
| What is respiratory akalosis and what are some factors that cause it? | decrease in dissolved CO2 in the blood which increases blood pH, brought on by excess ventilation, hyperventilation, anxiety, fever, toxic effects of drugs |
| What are the symptoms and treatment for respiratory akalosis? | lightheaded, agitation, nervousness, tingling, treat with rebreathed CO2, slow down respirations, and breath in a bag |
| What is metabolic akalosis and what are some causes? | increase of HCO3- in blood, caused by loss of acid or accumulation of bases from vomiting, gastric lavage, diuretics, antacids |
| What are symptoms and treatment of metabolic akalosis? | decreased rate and depth of breathing, irritability, weakness, decreased intestinal motility, treated with fluid therapy to replace Cl-, K+, and other electrolytes |
| What is a normal oxygen saturation | 95-100% |
| When oxygen saturation is at this mark life threatening complications can develop | 90% |
| When oxygen saturation is at this mark respiratory failure can develop | 85% |
| the utilization of nutrients by living tissue and cells | assimilation |
| the movement of nutrients into the circulatory system | absorption |
| a mass of food and saliva that is ready to be swallowed | a bolus |
| a semi fluid mixture of food and gastric juic | chyme |
| the mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods and the absorption of the resulting nutrients by cells | digestion |
| the elimination of indigestible substances from the colo suach as a bowel movement | defecation |
| the taking in of food into the mouth | ingestion |
| the process of breaking food down into smaller pieces and mixing with digestive juices without altering the checmical composition | mechanical digestion |
| the process of breaking food into simpler chemicals | chemical digestion |
| the alimentary canal is how long from mouth to anus? | 9 meters or 29 ft |
| name the two main groups of the digestive system | the alimentary canal, accessory organs |
| What does the alimentary canal consist of | mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus |
| what are the accessory organs in digestion | salivary glands, teeth and tongue, liver, gallbaldder, pancreas |
| irregular shaped tube open at both ends and passes through the body's ventral cavity | alimentary canal |
| What are the four layers of the alimentary canal? | mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa |
| what is the mucosa designed for in digestion? | for absorption, secretion and protection |
| an interruption in the mucosa that allows gastric enzymes to come in contact with the underlying tissue cause necrosis, pain, and bleeding | an ulcer |
| describe the mucosa of the espohagus | tough, stratified, abrasion resistant epithelium |
| describe the mucosa of the digestive tract | delicate layer of simple columnar epithelium designed for absorption and secretion |
| made up of loose connective tissue, glands, blood and lymphatic vessels, and nerves that nourish the surrounding tissues and carry away absorbed materials | submucosa |
| What is the lymphatic structure called in digestion that deals with fat | lacteals |
| a longitudinal and circular layer that produces movement within the tube | muscularis |
| outer covering of the alimentary canal | serous layer |
| provides moisture and lubrication so the organs within can slide freely | serous fluid |
| rhythmical contractions of the smooth muscles in small segments of the tube | mixing movements |
| mixing food and digestive juices gives you | chyme |
| propelling movements, propels food through the alimentary canal towards the anus, muscle contractions subsequent rings | peristalsis |
| receives food and begins mechanical digestion | mouth |
| mainly skeletal muscle, moves food to the back of the oral cavity | tongue |
| divided into hard and soft, forms the roof of the oral cavity, closes off nasal cavity and pharynx during swallowing to prevent choking | palate |
| prevents any food or liquids from entering the nasal cavities above the mouth | uvula |
| resposible for mechanical digestion | teeth |
| what are the two sets of teeth, how many are in each, and when do they start to erupt? | 20 decidous teeth 6 months, 32 permanent teeth 6 years |
| moistens food particles helps bind them together, begins the chemical digestion of carbohydrates | saliva |
| what can trigger salivation | sight, smell, taste or though of food |
| what are the two types of secretory cells in salivary glands and what do they secrete? | serous cells secrete amylase (chemical digestion), mucous cells secrete mucous (binds food, lubricant for swallowing) |
| what are the three pairs of major salivary glands? | Parotid, submandibular, sublingual |
| largest of the salivary glands, lies inferior to each ear, secretes amylase | Parotid |
| salivary gland lies on the floor of the mouth, secretes serous (amylase) withe some mucous | submandibular |
| smallest of the salivary glands, lies inferior to the tongue, secretes mucous | sublingual |
| connects the nasal and oral cavities with the larynx and esophagus | pharynx |
| the pharynx has three parts, name them | nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx |
| part of the pharynx thats located above the soft palate, passageway for air during breathing | nasopharynx |
| part of the pharynx thats located behind the mouth it is a passageway for food moving downward and for air moving to and from the nasal cavity | oropharynx |
| part of the pharynx that is the passageway to the esophagus | laryngopharynx |
| straight collapsible tube, serves as a passageway for food, 25cm long | esophagus |
| the esophagus passes through an opening in the diaphragm called what? | esophageal hiatus |
| what is the sphincter called that is at the junction of the esophagus and stomach? | the esophageal or cardiac sphincter |
| whats the purpose of the esophageal sphincter? | to prevent stomach contents from regurgitating back into the esophagus |
| J shaped, pouch like organ about 25-30 cm long located under the diaphragm, can hold about 1 liter | stomach |
| what are the three areas of the stomach and what do they do? | fundus, temp storage. Body, main part. pyloric region, connects stomach to duodenum and controls emptying of chyme. |
| What is rugae? | lining in the stomach to increase surface area and absorption |
| what does the stomach do? | begins protein breakdown, forms chyme, absorbs small amounts of water, salts, lipid soluble drugs and alcohol |
| what does the rate of movement in the stomach depend on? | fluidity of the chyme, and type of food present. liquids pass rapidly |
| how long do fatty food stay in the stomach? | 3-6 hours |
| contains hydrochloric acid and enzymes, is constantly produced but the rate varies, seeing smelling or tasting food increases production | gastric juices |
| what are the secretory cells in the stomach? and what do they do? | Goblet, mucous for protection. Chief, digestive enzymes (pepsinogen+HCl3=pepsin breaks down protein). Parietal, secretes HCl3, intrinsic factor helps small intestine absorb vitamin B12. |
| The pancreas has what two functions? and what do they do? | endocrine secretes insulin. Exocrine secretes digestive juice called pancreatic juice |
| What are the three muscles called that make up the muscularis? | oblique, circular, and longitudinal |
| The head of this organ is in the C shaped curve of the duodenum | the pancreas |
| this extends the length of the pancreas, connects with the duodenum | the pancreatic duct |
| what is in the pancreas that neutralizes gastric juice when it enters the intestine. | sodium bicarbonate (released in pancreatic juice) |
| This is loacted in the upper right and central regions of the abdominal cavity, just below the diaphgram, extends from fifth intercostal space to lower margin of the ribs, enclosed in fibrous capsule and connective tissue | The liver |
| Divided into two lobes, each lobe has its own hepatic duct | The liver |
| Hepatic ducts merge to form the ________ | common hepatic duct |
| What function does the liver serve in digestion? | produces and secretes bile into the gallbladder and small intestine. |
| What does bile do and where is it stored? | Stored in the gallbladder, responsible for emulsification of fat, enhances absorption of fatty acids, cholesterol and fat soluble vitamins ADEK. lack of bile results in poor lipid absorption and vitam deficiencies |
| pear shaped sac, located in a depression on the inferior surface of the liver | the gallbladder |
| what joins the common hepatic duct to form the common bile duct? | the cystic duct |
| What is the main function of the gallbladder? | stores bile |
| This stimulates the secretion of the hormore cholecystokinin or CCK from the mucosa of the duodenum | fats in chyme |
| Cholecystokinin or CCK stimulates what? | the contraction of the gallbladder to release bile through the cystic duct. |
| a tubular organ about 6 meters or 20 feet long. Completes digestion of the nutrients in chyme, absorbs various products of digestion | the small intestine |
| what are the three regions of the small intestine? | duodenum, jejunum, ileum |
| the shortest and most fixed portion of the small intestine, C shaped 25 cm long and 5 cm in diameter, the common bile duct and pancreatic duct enter the small intestines in this portion. | the duodenum |
| proximal two fifths of the free, mobile portion of the small intestine | jejunum |
| the remainder of the free, mobile portion of the small intestine, contains the ileocecal valve | ileum |
| what is the double layered peritoneal membrane called that support the coils of the small intestine from the posterior abominal wall? | mesentery |
| The mesentary containes these structures that supply the intestinal walls. | blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels |
| what are the fingerlike extensions that line the small intestine and what do they do? | Villi, they increase the surface area |
| what structures would you find in a villus (singular for villi)? | blood capillary, lymphatic vessel (lacteal), nerve fiber and microvilli |
| what stimulates or inhibits villus activites? | the nerve fiber |
| how long does it take chyme to move through the small intestines? | 3 to 10 hours |
| where does the small intestine end? | at the ileocecal valve, cecum of the large intestine |
| 1.5 meters or 5 feet long, absorbs water and electrolytes from the chyme, forms and stores feces | large intestine |
| first part of the large intestine located in the RLQ. | Cecum |
| narrowtube with a closed end, projects downward from the cecum, no known digestive function but does contain lymphatic tissue. | vermiform appendix |
| begins at the cecum and travels upward to become the hepatic flexure | ascending colon |
| longest and most mobile part of the large intestine, becomes the splenic flexure | transverese colon |
| down the left side of the abdomen becomes the sigmoid colon | descending colon |
| s shaped segment of the large intestine that terminates at the rectum | sigmoid colon |
| serves as a temporary storage site for undigested material before defecation. | rectum |
| the last 2,5 to 4 centimeters of the large intestine, proximal end attached to the rectum. | anal canal |
| opening of the anal canal to the outside, guarded by two sphincter muscles. | anus |
| what are the two sphincter muscles that guard the anus? and what type muscle is each made of? | internal anal sphincter- smooth muscle (involuntary control), external anal sphincter- skeletal muscle (voluntary control) |
| What are some functions of the large intestine? | absorption of water and electrolyes, little to no digestive function, over 100 trillion bacteria (intestinal flora). |
| what purpose does the bacteria of the large intestine serve? | synthesize certain vitamins such as K, B12, thiamine and riboflavin, produce intestinal gas (flatus) |
| How often do peristaltic waves occur in the large intestine? and what conditions can produce more? | 2-3 times per day, colitis or inflamed colon can initiate more. |
| can be initiated by holding a deep breath and contracting the abdominal wall muscles (bearing down). voluntarily inhibited by contracting the external anal sphincter | defecation |
| these lighten the skull and act as resonance chambers for sound. | paranasal sinuses |
| name the paranasal sinuses | frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary (opens into nasal cavity) |
| What are some indications of NG tube insertion? | order to aspirate stomach contents, assess GI bleeding, determine gastric acid content, to treat paralytic ileus, intestinal obstruction, recurrent vomiting likely, trauma, overdose |
| what are some contraindications of NG tube insertion? | esophageal strictures, akali ingestion, caustic ingestions, esophageal burns, comatose patients, cervical or intracranial bleed, ICP, recent surgery on orophayngeal, nasal or gastric |
| opening surgically created in the colon to divert intestinal contents after lower portions of the bowel are surgically removed. | colostomy |
| decreased frequency of bowel movement or hard dry feces | constipation |
| frequent loose stools | diarrhea |
| elimination of bowel waste | defecation |
| instillation of solution into the rectum and sigmoid colon (usually to help with defecation) | enema |
| stool; waste products eliminated through the colon | feces |
| excessive gas | flatulence |
| enlarged vein inside or outside of the rectum | hemorrhoids |
| opening surgically created at the point of ileum to divert intestinal contents after lower portions of the bowel are surgically removed | ileostomy |
| presence of fecal mass too large or hard to pass voluntarily | impaction |
| surgically created artificial opening; opening into the intestine that diverts feces from its normal pathway | ostomy |
| a mouth like opening; artificial opening into the intestine | stoma |
| how long does it take food to be processed and shit out into a toilet bowl | 18-72 hours |
| normal characterisitics of poop | light to dark brown caused by bile, soft or formed, made of 70% undigested roughage and 30% dead bacteria |
| characteristics of abnormal poop | blood, fresh is red, melena is dark, occult you cant tell unless tested; pale white stool is missing bile, hemorrhoids |
| nursing implications for normal bowel pattern | do not postpone defecation, encourage high fiber and adequate fluid intake, exercise daily, coffee or warm water |
| medications that can cause constipation | anesthetics, narcotics, diuretics, sedatives, antidepressants |
| caution patients to limit enema use due to | defecation reflex may become dependent |
| abdominal distention can be described as | rounder and tighter |
| normal bowel sounds are active | occur once every 15 seconds (15-60), 4-32 bowel sounds a minute is the norm, bowel tone indicates motility/constipation |
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