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Ch 40 - Urologic
Urologic Disorders
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| some nonelectrolyte substances that are not reabsorbed by the tubules include uric acid, urea, and ________ | creatinine |
| reabsorption of water by the tubules occirs through the process of _____________. | osmosis |
| the end product of glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption is_______________. | urine |
| substances secreted by the tubules are called _________________. | ions |
| the amount of water reabsorbed in the kidneys is influenced by antidiuretic hormone and ___________________. | aldosterone |
| urine is moved from the kidney to the bladder by means of _____________. | peristalsis |
| causes reabsorption of water in the renal tubules, decreasing urine volume. | antidiuretic hormone |
| is released in response to inadequate renal blood flow or low arterial pressure | renin |
| the hormone secreted in the kidneys that stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells | erythropoietin |
| with normally functioning kidneys, the serum creatine level is _______________. | very low |
| _______________ is a general indicator of the kidney's ability to excrete ureal values are raised by high-protein diets, gastrointestinal bleeding, dehydration and some drugs | BUN |
| a better measurement of kidney functioning than the BUN because it is elevated only in kidney disorders is ___________________-. | creatine clearance |
| with normally functioning kidneys, the urine creating level is _____________. | high |
| the best test of overall kidney function is _________________. | creatine clearance |
| two tests that are compared to each other and that should be opposite each other if kidneys are functioning normally are the creatine clearance and the _____________. | urine culture |
| measures the rate of urine flow during voiding | urodynamic study |
| outlines the contour of the bladder and show reflux of urine | cystogram |
| the backward movement of urine from the bladder into the ureters | reflux |
| dye is injected IV, radiographs of kidney, ureters, and bladder are taken; used to assess kidney function | intravenous pyelogram |
| a catherter is inserted into the bladder, dye is injected, and radiographs are taken | cystogram |
| used to elvaluate bladder tone in the patient with incontinence or with neurogenic bladder | cystometrogram |
| a condition in which calculi are formed in the kidneys | nephrolithiasis |
| diagnostic tests that confirm the presence and location of calculi in the urinary tract | ultrasound IVP KUB |
| inflammation of the renal pelvis | pyelonephritis |
| hereditary disorder in which grapelike cysts replace normal kidney tissue | polycystic kidney disease |
| removal of a calculus | lithotomy |
| removal of calculus from the renal pelvis | pyelithotomy |
| inflammation of the urinary bladder | cystitis |
| a urinalysis is done in patients with glomerulonephritis to detect red blood cell cast and : | proteinuria |
| intense, colicky pain of the renal calculi may be relieved by narcotic analgesics and ? | antispasmodics |
| formation of calculi in the kidneys is called? | urolithiasis |
| possible complications of lithotripsy are: | bruising hemorrhage |
| inflammation of the capillary loops in the glomeruli is? | glomerulonephritis |
| removal of a kidney | nephrectomy |
| a noninvasive procedure to break up calculi | lithotripsy |
| removal of the bladder | cystectomy |
| an incision made to open the bladder | cystotomy |
| a surgical procedure that reroutes the flow of urine | urinary diversion |
| can be caused by the accumulation of calcium phosphate crystals and urea in the skin | itching |
| following the removal of a kidney, the condition in which peristalsis does not return within 3-4 days is called | paralytic ileus |
| when a calculus obstructs urine flow, the urine may back up into the kidney, causing______________. | hydronephrosis |
| the placement of a tube in the kidney so that urine may drain through the tube into an external collection device is called __________. | nephtostomy |
| in patients with hydronephrosis, urine is usually strained and examined for ____________. | calculi |
| distention of the kidney with urine is called ________________. | hydronephrosis |
| _____________ is the most often noted around the mouth, is a very late sign of chronic renal failure | urenuc frost |
| most patients with chronic renal failure retain water and _________. | sodium |
| emotional responses to chronic renal failure include depression, disturbed body image and _____________, | anxiety |
| ovulation and _______________ usually cease ub females with chronic renal failure | menstruation |
| the skeletal changes characteristic of chronic renal failure are known as ____________________ | renal osteodystrophy |
| a high diet in carbohydrates and low in protein is prescribed to reduce the accumulation of ________________. | urea |
| the condition in which calcium is lost from bones and replaced with fibrous tissue | osteitis fibrosa |
| related to endocrine function, patients with chronic renal failure usually have ___________. | hypothyroidism |
| the effects of chronic renal failure on the male reproductive syste typically include low sperm counts and ___________. | impotence |
| the passage of molecules through a semipermeable membrane into a special solution | dialysis |
| a "______________" is a rippling sensation palpable on the venous side of the cannula or fistula | thrill |
| leading cause of death in hemodialysis patients is? | CVA MI |
| vascular access sites must be assessed for _____________. | hemodialysis |
| ______________ allows a patient to have dailysis performed at night by a machinem giving the patient freedom during the day and reducing the risk of infection | automated peritoneal dialysis/cycler |
| a rushing, roaring, or "swoosh" noise heard through the stethoscope with each heartbeat is known as a ___________. | bruit |
| allows the patient freedom from a macine and the independence to perform dialysis alone | continous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis |
| major complications of peritoneal dialisis | peritonitis |
| examination of voided urine specimen for pH, blood, glucose and protein | urinalysis |
| clean-catch or midstream urine specimen is collected to determine which antibiotics will be effective against the specific organisms found in the culture | urine sensitivity |
| collection of urine for 12-24hr, which is an estimate of the glomerular filtration rate | creatinine clearance |
| blood test that is a general indicator of the kidney's ability to excrete waste | BUN |
| a blood test that may show elevated Na and K levels and decreased Ca levels which indicate renal failure | serumm electrolytes |
| dull flank pain | calculus in renal pelvis |
| excruciating abdominal pain that radiates to the groin or perineum | calculus in ureter |
| Age-related changes: function of kidneys are: | usually maintained |
| Age-related changes: adaptation of kidneys under stress: | does not adapt well |
| Age-related changes: number of nephrons: | loss and thinckens of membranes |
| Age-related changes: renal blood vessesls results in: | sclerosis |
| Age-related changes: renal blood flow: | declines |
| Age-related changes: glomerular filtration rate: | declines |
| Age-related changes: plasma renin and aldosterone levels: | falls |
| Age-related changes: antidiuretic hormones effect on tubules: | are less responsive |
| Age-related changes: kidney's ability to concentrate and dilute urine: | less able to |
| Age-related changes: creatinine clearance rate: | decrease |
| Age-related changes: incidences of nocturia: | often occurs |
| Age-related changes: bladder muscle: | weaken |
| Age-related changes: connective tissue in the bladder: | increases |
| Age-related changes: capacity of bladder: | decreases |
| Age-related changes: emptying function of bladder: | is incomplete |
| straw colored urine? | normal and slightly acidic |
| bright red urine? | gross hematuria in acid urine |
| tea-colored urine? | gross hematuria in alkaline urine |
| coludy or hazy urine? | bacteria, pus, small amount of blood |
| colorless urine? | overhydration diabetes insipudus DM CRF |
| four symptoms of an allergic reaction to iodine dye: | itchy hives wheezing respiratory distress |
| four signs of blood loss for patients with kidney disease returning from angiography: | tachycardia dyspnea restlessness abdonminal/flank pain |
| glomerular filtrate and blood plasma are essentially the same, except that the filtrate does not have: | proteins |
| as the blood passes through the glomerulus, which element is too large to pass through the semipermeable membrane? | plasma protein |
| the normal pH of urine is: | 4.5-8.0 |
| the body normally excretes how many liters of urine per day? | 1-2 liters |
| two substances that are present in blood but not normally in urine are: | glucose and protein |
| glomerular damage may be indicated by the presence of which of the following in the urine? | protein |
| the presence of how much urine usually caises the urge to urinate? | 200-400mL |
| voiding is primarily controlled by: | voluntary muscles |
| a hormone that helps maintain normal serum calcium and phosphate levels is: | parathormone |
| blood pressure is regulated through fluid volume maintaince and release of the hormone: | renin |
| a change in blood volume will resule in a change in: | BP |
| decreased oxygen in renal blood triggers the secretion of: | erythoropoietin |
| patients in renal failure have a deficiency of erythropoietin, which causes them to have: | anemia |
| a common age related problem in males related to the urinary system is: | urethral obstruction |
| if crystals on the skin are observed during examination of patients with urinary disorders, this is recorded as: | uremic frost |
| tissue turgur is evaluated in patients with urinary disorders to detect: | dehydration |
| the eyes of patients with urinary disorders are examined for periorbital edema, the presence of which would suggests: | fluid retention |
| if patients with urinary disorders have dyspnea, this may be a sign of: | fluid overload |
| if patients with urinary disorders have an odor of urine on their breath, this may indicate: | kidney failure |
| swishing sounds caused by the turbulence of blood are called: | bruits |
| an indication of renal artery stenosis is: | bruits |
| the edema found in renal failure is described as: | generalized |
| in patients with renal failure, the skin over edematous areas is likely to be described as: | dry and flushed |
| inspection of the genitalia during the examination of patients with urinary disorders must always be done utilizing: | standard precautions |
| normal urine is: | straw-colored |
| urine with cloudy appearance may be indicative of: | bacterial infection |
| normally, urine is sterile and slightly: | acidic |
| a diagnostic test for the identification of microorganisms present in urine is: | urine culture |
| the best test of overall kidney function, which is an estimate of glomerular filtration rate is: | creatinine clearance |
| after a renal biopsy, what is the most important side effect to watch for? | bleeding |
| which blood test needs to be within normal limits before a renal biopsy is performed? | clotting studies |
| following cystoscopy, at first, the urine will be: | pink-tinged |
| following cystoscopy, urine should lighten to its usual color within: | 24-48 hrs |
| following cystoscopy, belladonna and opium suppositories may be ordered to reduce: | bladder spasms |
| bladder perforation is rare following cystoscopy, but is may be indicated by severe: | abdominal pain |
| the major concern with catheterization is the potential for: | infection |
| to measure residual volume, the patient must be catheterized immediately after voiding, which is ab abnormal finding? | 75mL <50ml is normal |
| following uroloci surgery, which of the following outputs should be reported to the physician? | <30mL/hr |
| the most common nosocomial infections are: | UTI |
| most UTIs are caused by: | bacteria |
| dysuria, frequency, urgency, and bladder spasms are common symptoms of: | urethritis |
| the passage of renal calculi is facilitated by: | ambulation hydration |
| the pain of urethritis may be reduced by: | sitz baths |
| a common symptom of pyelonephritis is: | flank pain |
| when forcing fluids on patients with pyelonephritis, the nurse needs to be careful to prevent: | circulatory overload |
| an older patient with phelonephritis who experiences a suddenly increased fluid volume may develop: | CHF |
| the most common type of glomerulonephritis follows a respiratory tract infection caused by: | streptococcus |
| in addition to antibiotics, acute glomerulonephritis is treated medically with: | diuretics and antihypertensives |
| in the acute phase of glomerulonephritis, bed rest is ordered to prevent or treat heart failure and severe hypertension that result from: | fluid overload |
| a common nursing diagnosis for patients with acute glomerulonephritis is: | excess fluid volume |
| the incidence of uric acid stones is high among: | jewish males |
| when a person is dehydratedm the kidneys conserve water, causing urine to be: | concentrated |
| a diet that can contribute to calculus formation is one that is hight in purines and: | calcium |
| in order to prevent renal calculim the nurse should teach patients to: | have a high fluid intake |
| a major nursing concern for patients with renal calculi is: | pain relief |
| the treatment of choice for renal cancer is: | radial nephrectomy |
| shattering of calculis | lithripsy |
| the location of the flank incision following nephrectomy causes pain with expansion of the: | thorax |
| when patients after nephtectomy protect the chest by not breathing deeply, this leads to the development of: | atelectasis & pneumonia |
| the most common malignancy of the urinary tract is: | bladder cancer |
| the most frequent symptom of bladder cancer is intermittent: | hematuria |
| when the blaffer is removed completely, urinary diversion is somethimes provided which allows urine to be excreted through the: | ileal conduit |
| peoperative care for an ileal or sigmoid conduit includes thorough preparation of the intestinal tract, which includes administration of an antibiotic that is not absorbed from the intestinal tract, called: | neomycin |
| an effective means of assessing changes in fluid status of patients in acute renal failure is: | recording I |
| when 90-95% of kidney function is lost, the patient is considered to be in: | CRF |
| the most life-threatening effect of renal failure is: | hyperkalemia |
| when a kidney donor is obtained from a living related donor, the 1-year survival rate for tranplantation is about: | 95-97% |
| to control the body's response to foreign tissue, the transplant recipient is given: | immunosuppresants |
| specific nursing diagnoses related to possibility of organ rejection after renal transplantation may include: | anxiety |
| signs of dehydration in the patient who has had a renal transplant may include: | low BP thready pulse, poor tissue tugor |
| complications of lithotripsy include: | bruising and hemorrhage |
| which procedure is contraindicated in patients with known renal insufficiency or DM? | IVP |
| an 88 yr old female was seen in the clinic 3x last yr for kidney infections. age related factors that may be contributing to these frequent infections include: | weak, ineffective contration of trigonal muscles |
| a patient tells you she has a painful, burning sensation during urination. you shuld record this symptom as: | dysuria |
| the first time a patient voids after cystoscopy, you notice the urine is pink-tinged. you: | recognize that this is normal |
| the primary cause of health care associated infections is: | catheterization |
| patient teaching to reduce the risk of cystitis in women should include: | drink a glass of water before and after intercourse |
| glomerulonephritis is caused by: | immunologic proccesses |
| ta procedure that uses sound, laser or dry shock wave energy to break up renal calculi is: | lithotripsy |
| the maximum amount of fluid that can be used to irrigate a nephrostomy tube is: | 5mL |
| after a nephrectomy, a patient's urine output was 25mL in the past hour. You should: | notify the physician that the patient's urine output is low |
| a patient with chronic kidney disease becomes confused. he complains of nausea, abdominal cramps, and lack of sensation in his legs. his heart rhythm is irregular. you should suspect: | hyperkalemia |
Created by:
jleycomiller
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