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Inflammatory.Immune
Pathophysiology Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| mechanical barrier such as skin or mucous membrane that blocks entry of bacteria or harmful substances into the tissues | the first line of defense |
| skin, mucous membrane, body secretions such as saliva or tears that contain enzymes of chemicals that inactivate or destroy potentially damaging material | the first line of defense |
| the first line of defense is ____________ | nonspecific |
| processes of phagocytosis et inflammation | the second line of defense |
| the second line of defense is _________ | nonspecific |
| the process by which neutrophils et macrophages randomly engulf et destroy bacteria, cell debris, or foreign matter | phagocytosis |
| "vulture cells" | macrophages |
| a leukocyte | neutrophil |
| a sequence of events intended to limit the effects of injury or a dangerous agent in the body | inflammation |
| nonspecific agents that protect uninfected cells against viruses | interferons |
| provides protection by stimulating the production of unique antibodies or sensitized lymphocytes following exposure to specific substances | the third line of defense |
| immune system | the third line of defense |
| the third line of defense is _________ | specific |
| a normal defense mechanism in the body et is intended to localize et remove an injurious agent, whatever it may be | inflammation |
| cut, an allergic reaction, an insect bite, an infection or a small burn on your body | examples of observed inflammatory process |
| serve as a warning of a problem which may be hidden witin the body | general signs et symptoms of inflammation |
| body's nonspecific response to tissue injury, resulting in redness, swelling, warmnt, et pain, et perhaps loss of function | inflammation |
| disorders are named using the endindg ______ for inflammation; root word is usually a body part or tissue | -itis (pancreatitis, appendicitis, laryngitis, or ileitis) |
| associated with many different types of tissue injury | inflammation |
| direct physical damage such as cuts or sprains, caustic chemicals such as acids or drain cleaners, ischemia or infarction, allergic reactions, extremes of heat or cold, foreign bodies such as splinters or glass, et infection | causes of inflammation |
| inflammation of the layers of the heart | carditis |
| inflammation of a tendon | tendonitis |
| inflammation of the liver usually caused by exposure to an infectious agent, a toxin, or a drug | hepatitis |
| may develop immediately et last only a short time; it may have a delayed onset, or it may be more severe et prolonged | inflammation |
| delayed onset inflammation | sunburn |
| the ________ of the inflammation varies with the _______ cause et duration of exposure | severity, specific |
| histamine, sertonin, prostaglandins, et leukotrienes | chemical mediators |
| when tissue injury occurs, the damaged _____ _____ et _________ release chemical mediators into the intestinal fluid et blood | mast cells, platelets |
| chemical mediators affect ______ ______ et _____ in the damaged areas | blood vessels, nerves |
| serve as communicators in the tissue fluids, sending messages to lyphocytes et macrophages, the immune system, or the hypothalamus to induce fever | cytokines |
| chemical mediator released immediately from granules in mast cells et exert their effects at once | histamine |
| chemical mediators that must be synthesized from arachidonic acid in mast cells before release et are responsible for the later effects, prolonging the inflammation | leukotrienes et prostaglandins |
| some chemical mediators can ________ the effects of other chemicals in the response | intensify |
| anti-inflammatory drugs et antihistamines ________ the effects of some of these chemical mediators | reduce |
| immediate vasodilation et increased capillary permeability to form exudate | histamine from mast cell granules |
| for example, attract nutrophils to site | chemotactic factors from mast cell granules |
| activate neutrophils, platelet aggregation | platelet activating factor (PAF) from cell membranes of platelets |
| increase plasma proteins, ESR, induce fever, chemotaxins, leukocytosis | cytokines (interleukins, lymphokines)from the t-lymphocytes, macrophages |
| later response:vasodilation et increased capillary premeability, chemotaxis | leukotrienes from the synthesis from arachidonic acid in mast cells |
| vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, pain, fever, potentiate histamine effect | prostaglandins (PGs) from the synthesis from arachidonic acid in mast cells |
| vasodilation et increased capillary permeability, pain, chemotaxis | kinins (e.g. bradykinin) from the activation of plasma protein (kinogen) |
| vasodilation et increased capillary permeability, chemotaxis, increased histamine release | complement system from the activation of plasma protein cascade |
| histamine source | mast cell granules |
| chemotactic factors source | mast cell granules |
| platelet-activating factor (PAF) source | cell membranes of platelets |
| cytokines (interleukins, lymphokines) source | T-lymphocytes, macrophages |
| leukotrienes source | synthesis from arachidonic acid in mast cells |
| PGs source | synthesis from arachidonic acid in mast cells |
| Kinins (eg bradykinin) source | activation of plasma protein (kinogen) |
| complement system source | activation of plasma protein cascade |
| redness (rubor or erythema), heat, swelling et pain | cardinal signs of inflammation |
| caused by increased blood flow into the damage area | redness et warmth |
| caused by the shift of protein et fluid into the intersitial space | swelling or edema |
| results from the increased pressure of fluid on the nerves, especially in enclosed areas, et by the local irritation of nerves by chemical mediators wuch as bradykinins | pain |
| albumin, globulin, fibrinogen | three plasma proteins |
| plasma proteins normally remain ________ the capillary | inside |
| neutrophils et later monocytes et macrophages collect along the capillary wall et then migrate out through wider separations in the wall into the interstitial | diapedesis |
| may develop if the cells lack nutrients or swelling interferes mechanically with function, as happens in restricted joint movement | loss of function |
| refers to a collection of interstitial fluid formed in the inflamed area | exudate |
| ___________ of the exudate vary with the cause of the trauma | characteristics |
| watery exudates consist primarily of fluid with smalle amts of protein et WBCs | serous |
| this exudate occurs with allergic reactions or burns | serous |
| thick et sticky exudate et have a high cell et fibrin content | fibrinous |
| this exudate increases the risk of scar tissue in the area | fibrinous |
| type of exudate that is thick, yellow-green in color et contain more leukocutes et cell debris as well as microorganisms | purulent |
| exudate that indicates bacterial infection et the exudate is often referred to as "pus" | purulent |
| a localized pocket of purulent exudate or pus in a solid tissue | abscess |
| this exudate can be found around a tooth or in the brain | abscess |
| exudate may be present if blood vessels have been damaged | hemorrhagic |
| mild fever, malaise (feeling unwell), fatigue, headache et anorexia (loss of appetite) | systemic S&S of inflammation |
| common if inflammation is extensive; can be severe, depending on the particular microoganism | pyrexia or fever (low grade or mild) |
| can be beneficial if it impairs the growth et reproduction of pathogenic organism | high fever |
| results from the release of pyrogens, from WBCs, or macrophages | fever |
| fever-producing substances | pyrogens |
| circulate in the blood et cause the body temperature control system (the thermostat) in the hypothalamus to be reset at a higher level | pyrogens |
| heat-production mechanisms such as _______ are activated to increase cell metabolism | shivering |
| characterized by pallor et cool skin reduces heat loss from the body | involuntary cutaneous vasoconstriction |
| curling up or covering the body to conserve heat | examples of voluntary actions |
| leukocytes (increased WBCs in the blood), elevated serum C-reactive protein (CRP), an elevated ESR, et increased plasma porteins et cell enzymes in the serum are nonspecific changes | they do not indicate the particular cause or site of inflammation |
| the body attempts to wall off a foreign substance in a chronic infection | granuloma |
| a small mass of cells etih necrotic center et covered by connective tissue, may develop around a foreign object, or as part of the immune response in some infections | granuloma |
| tuberculosis or R.A. is an example of _______ | chronic infection |
| may develop following an acute episode of inflammation when the cause is not completely eradicated | chronic inflammation |
| smoking, certain bacteria, or long-term abnormal immune responses | chronic irritation |
| less swelling et exudate but the presence of more lymphocytes, macrophages, et fibroblasts than in acute inflammation | characteristics of chronic inflammation |
| more tissue destruction occurs with this type of inflammation | chronic |
| more collagen is produced during this type of inflammation, resulting in more fibrous scar tissue forming | chronic |
| resolution, regeneration et replacement | three type of healing |
| the process that occurs when there is minimal tissue damage; damaged cells recover et the tissue returns to normals within a short period of time | resolution |
| this type of healing occurs after a mild sunburn | reolution |
| the process that occurs in damaged tissue which the cells are capable of mitosis;may be limited if the organization of a complex tissue is altered | regeneration |
| epithelial cells are ________ replicating | constantly |
| hepatocyte in the liver are able to undergo ________ when necessary; damaged tissue is thus replaced by the identical tissue from the proliferation of nearby cells | mitosis |
| sometimes fibrous tissue develops in the liver, distorting the orderly arrangement of cells, ducts, et blood vessels; nodules of new cells form... | but they do not contribute to the overall function of the liver |
| occurs by connective tissue (scar or fibrous tissue formation) takes place when there is extensive tissue damage or the cells are incapable of mitosis | replacement |
| incable of mitosis like the brain or myocardium | replacement |
| wound area may be filled in et covered by some form of ________ | tissue |
| chronic inflammation or complications such as _______ result in more fibrous material | infection |
| refers to the process involved when the wound is clean, free of foreign material et necrotic tissue, et the edges of it are held close together creating a minimal gap between the edges | healing by first intention |
| surgical incisions are an example of this type of healing | healing by first intention |
| refers to a situation in which there is a large break in the tissue et consequently more inflammation, a longer healing period, et formation of more scar tissue | healing by second intention |
| a compound fracture would heal by this manner | healing by second intention |
| scab, suture holds edges together, blood clot, neutrophils, et inflammation | injury et inflammation in healing of incised would by first intention |
| epithelial regeneration, inflammation, macrophage, fibroblas, granulation tissue begins to form, new capillaries | granulation tissue et epithelial growth in healing of incised wound by first infection |
| scar (fibrous) tissue | small scar remains in healing of incised wound by first intention |
| scab, blood clot, inflammation | injury et inflammation in healing by second intention |
| epithelial regeneration, inflammation, macrophage, granulation tissue et collagen, new capillary | granulation tissue et epithelial growth in healing by second intention |
| fibrous tissue contracts et scar | large scar remains in healing by second intention |
| loss of function, contractures et obstructions, adhesions, hypertrophic scar tissue et ulceration | complications of healing by scar formation |
| results from the loss of normal cells et the lack of specialized structures or normal organization in scar tissue | loss of function |
| if scar tissue replaces normal skin, that area will lack hair follicles, glands, et sensory nerve endings | loss of function |
| highly organized organ such as the kidney, it is unlikely that the new tissue will fit the pattern of blood vessels, tubules et ducts of the normal kidney; the replacement tissue will not provide _________ _______ | normal function |
| scar tissue is nonelastic et tends to shrink over time; this process may restrict the range of movement of a joint et eventually may result in fixation et deformity of the joint | contracture |
| physiotherapy or surgery may be necessary to break down the fibrous tissue et improve mobility; shrinkage of the scar tissue may also cause shortening or narrowing of stuctures, particularly tubes or ducts | obstructions |
| if the esophagus is shortened, malposition of the stomach or a narrowed esophagus causing _________ during swallowing | obstruction |
| bands of scar tissue joining two surfaces that are normally separated; | adhesions |
| prevent normal movement of the structures et may eventually cause distortion or twisting the tissue | adhesions |
| _________ between loops of intestin or between the pleural membranes are a few examples | adhesions |
| an overgrowth of fibrous tissue consisting of excessive collagen deposits may develop, leaing to hard ridges of scar tissue or keloid formation | hypertrophic scar tissue |
| these masses are disfiguring et frequently cause more severe contractures | hypertrophic scar tissue |
| blood supply may be impaired around the scar resulting in further tissue breakdown et _________ at a future time | ulceration |
| may occur when scar tissue develops in the stomach following surgery or healing of this; the scar tissue interferes with blood flow in nearby arteries | ulceration |
| advanced age=reduced mitosis, poor nutrition, dehydration, anemia, low hemoglobin, circulatory problems, presence of other disorders such as diabetes or cancer, irritation, bleeding, or excessive mobility, infection, foreign material,exposure radiation | factors delaying healing |
| youth, good nutrition, protein, vitamins A et C, adequate hemoglobin, effective circulation, clean undisturbed wound, no infection or further trauma to the site | factors promoting healing |
| burns (formerly second-degree burns) involved the destruction of the epidermis et part of the dermis; area is red, edmatous, blistered et often hypersensitive et painful during the inflammatory stage | deep partial-thickness |
| in severe cases, the skin appears waxy with a reddened margin; the dead skin gradually sloughs offl et healing occurs by regeneration from the edges of the blistered areas et from epithelium lining the hair follicles et glands | deep partial-thickness |
| if area is extensive, healing may be difficult et complications occur; grafts may be necessary to cover larger areas; these burns easily become infected, causing additonal tissue destruction et scar tissue formation | deep partial-thickness |
| burns (formerly third et fourth degree burns) result in destuction of all skin layers et often underlying tissues as well | full thickness |
| burn wound area is coagulated or charred, hard et dry on the surface; damaged tissue (eschar) shrinks, causing pressur eon the edematous tissue beneath it; initially burn area may be painless because of destruction of nerves, but becomes very painful | full thickness |
| burn area may be painless because of destruction of nerves, but becomes very painful as adjacent tissue becomes inflamed due to chemical mediators released by the damaged tissues | full thickness |
| require skin grafts for healing because there are no cells available for the production of new skin | full thickness |
| provides a guideline for fluid replacement needs as well as other therapeutic interventions | BSA burned |
| burns involving large surface area, young children or the elderly, burns to hands, feet, face, ears, or genetalia, inhalation injury, chemical burns or cases in which other injuries or complication are present | major burns |
| are always considered serious because there is immediate interference with the normal conduction of electrical impulses in the body, often causing cardiac arrest et extensive unseen damage to blood vessels et organs | electrical injuries |
| method used for rapid calculation for accurate assessment of BSA | the Rule of Nines |
| head et each arm | 9% |
| each leg | 18% |
| anterior surface of trunk | 18% |
| posterior surface | 18% |
| groin area | 1% |
| shock, respiratory problems, pain, infection et meatbolic needs | complications due to burns |
| no bleeding occurs with a burn injury (tissue et blood are coagulated or solidified by the heat); inflammatory response occurs; where burn area is large, the inflammatory response results in a massive shift of water, protein, et electrolytes>tissues>edema | shock |
| loss of water et protein from blood leads to decreased circulating blood volume, low BP, et hypovolemic shock, as well as increased hematocrit due to hemoconcentration; | shock |
| fluid imbalance is aggravated by the protein shift out of the capillaries et the resulting lower osmotic pressure in the blood, making it difficult to maintain blood volume until the inflammation subsides | shock |
| prolonged or recurrent _______ may cause kidney failure or damage to other organs | shock |
| a lung infection is a threat because of inflammation in the respiratory tract et immobility | pneumonia |
| original injury, body movements, et application of grafts et other treatments contribute to pain so these are required | analgesics |
| increases tissue loss in the area often converting a partial-thickness burn to a full-thickness burn | infection |
| involveds rapid excision or removal of the damaged et infected tissue, application of antimicrobial drugs et replacement with skin grafts or a substitute covering | infection treatment of burn patients |
| hypermetabolism occurs during the healing period, et increased dietary intake of protein et carbohydrates is required | metabolic needs |
| considerable heat loss from the body until the skin is restored; the patient with burns tends to feel chilled et is sensitive to air movement; ongoing need to produce more body heat et replace tissue demands increased nutrients | metabolic needs |
| _______ continues to be lost in exudate from the burn site until healing is complete | protein |
| the production of blood cells in bone marrow | hematopoiesis |
| the release of granules | degranulation |
| release granulated cells such as histamine | mast cells |
| Third line of defense.... | Immune system |
| may be acquired by direct exposure to an antigen; when a person has an infection et then develops antibodies | active natural immunity |
| can be acquired four ways | immunity |
| develops when the person's own body develops antibodies or T cells in response to a specific antigen introduced into the body; this process takes a few weeks, but the result usually last for years because memory B et T cells are retained in the body | active immunity |
| develops when a specific antigen is PURPOSEFULLY introdyced into the body, stimulating production of antibodies | active artificial immunity |
| solution containing dead or weakened (attenuated) organisms that stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies but does not result in the disease itself | vaccine |
| vaccine is a form of _____ _____ immunity | active artificial |
| additional immunization, given perhaps 5 or 10 years after initial immunization, that "reminds" the immune system of the antigen et promotes more rapid et effective secondary response | booster |
| booster is a form of ____ ____ immunity | active artificial |
| currently used for tetanus | booster immunizations |
| occurs when antibodies are transferred from one person to another; these are effective immediately, but offer only temporary protection because memory has not been established in th recipient et the antibodies are gradually removed from the circulation | passive immunity |
| there are two forms of this immunity | passive |
| occurs when IgG is transferred from mother to FETUS across the PLACENTA; breast milk also supplies maternal antibodies; antibodies protect the infant for the frist few months of life | passive natural immunity |
| results from the injection of antibodies from a person or animal into a second person;sometimes Ig are administered to an individual who has been exposed to an organism but has not been immunized in order to reduce the effects of the infection | passive artificial immunity |
| an example of this is the administrationof rabies antiserum or snake antivenom; or even hep B | passive artifical immunity |
| are either foreign substances or human cell surface antigens that are unique (except in identical twins) in each individual; usually composed of complex proteins or poly saccharides or a combo of molecules such has glycoproteins | antigens |
| antigens activate the immune system to produce _____ ______ | matching antibodies |
| are present on an individual's cell membranes; these antigen molecules are coded by a group of genes inherited from the paretns, called major histocompatibility complex located on chromosome 6 | antigens representing SELF |
| MHC | major histocompatibility complex |
| owing to the lg number of possible combinations of genes that may be inherited from the paretns, it is unlikely that two individuals would eer have ____ ____ | identical antigens |
| has an essential role in thea activation et regulation of the immune response as well as intercellular communication | MHC |
| are useful in detecting changes in cell membranes altered by viruses or cancerous changes et alerting the immune system to there presence | MHC molecules |
| is also know has human leukocute antigen, because it was first detected on the cell membranes of leukocytes | Human MHC |
| these antigens are used to provide a close match for a tissue transplant; the immune system will be activated by the presence of cells with different MHC molecules | HLA (human leukocyte antigen) |
| within the body, the immune system can _____ self antigens; the system usually does not recognize antigens on its own host cells as foreign | tolerate |
| critical in the initiation of the immune response; develop from monocytes, part of the mononuclear phagocytic system that was formerly known as the reiculoendothelial system | macrophage |
| occur throughout the body in such tissues as the liver, lungs et lymph nodes; they are large phagocytic cells that intercept et engulf foreign material et then process et display the anigens from the foreign materials on their cell membranes | macrophages (the lymphocytes respond to this display, initiating the immune response) |
| secrete chemicals such as monokines et interleukins that play a role in the activation of additional lymphocytes et in the inflammatory response, which accompanies a secondary immune response | macrophages |
| What lymphocyte is involved in the humoral immune response? | B lymphocyte or B cell |
| responsible for humoral immunity throught the production of antibodies or Ig | B cells |
| thought to mature in the bone marrow et then proceed to the spleen et lymphoid tissue | B cells |
| after exposure to antigents et with assistance of T lypmhocytes, they become antibody-producing plasma cells | B cells |
| B cells act primarily against ______ et _______ that are outside body cells | bacteria, viruses |
| provide for repeated production of antibodies, also form in humoral immune response | B Memory cells |
| a specific class of proteins termed immunoglobins; each has a unique sequence of amino acids attached to a common base; they bind to the specific matching antigen, destrotying it | antibodies |
| the _______ __ ________ for antibody is a significan factor in the development of immunity to various diseases | specificity of antigen |
| are found in general circulation, forming the globulin portion of the plasma proteins, as well as in lyphoid structures | antibodies |
| are divided into 5 classes; specific ones may be administered to treat disease | immunoglobins |
| most common antibody in the blood; produced in both primary et secondary immune responses; activates complement; includes antibacterial, antiviral, et antitoxin antibodies; crosses placent, creates passive immunity in newborn | IgG |
| Bound to B lymphocytes in ciculation et is usually the first to increase in the immune response;activates complement; forms natural antibodies; is involved in blood ABO type incompatibility reaction | IgM |
| found in secrections such as tears et saliva, in mucous membranes et in colostrum to provide protection for newborn child | IgA |
| binds to mast cells in skin et mucous membranes; when linked to allergen, causes release of histamine et other chemicals, resulting in inflammation | IgE |
| attached to B cells; activates B cells | IgD |
| is frequently activated during an immune reaction with IgG or IgM class immunoglobulins | complement systems |
| involves a group of inactive proteinsm, numbered C1 to C9, circulating in the blood | complement |
| eventually this ______ of the complement system results in the destruction of the antigen by lysis when the cell membrane is damaged or some complement fragment may attach to a microorganism, marking it for phagocytosis | activation |
| also initiates an inflammatory response | complement activation |
| foreign susbstance or component of cell that stimulates immune response | antigen |
| specific protein produced in humoral response to bind with antigen | antibody |
| antibodies against self antigen; attacks body's own tissues | autoantibody |
| gland located in the mediasternum, large in children, decreasing in size in adults; site of response | thymus |
| contains many lymphocytes; filters body fluids, removes foreign matter, immune response | lymphatic tissue |
| source of stem cells, luekocytes, et maturation of B lymphocytes | bone marrow |
| white blood cells for phagocytosis; nonspecific defense; active in inflammatory process | neutrophils |
| WBCs: bind IgE, release histamine in anaphylaxis | basophils |
| WBCs: participate in allergic responses | eosinophils |
| WBCs: migrate from the blood into tissues to become macrophages | monocytes |
| release chemical mediators such as histamine in connective tissue | mast cells |
| humoral immunity-activated cell becomes an antibody-producing plasma cell or a B memory cell | B lymphocytes |
| develop from B lymphocytes et secrete specific antibodies | plasma cells |
| WBCs: cell-mediated immunity | t lymphocytes |
| destroy antigens, cancer cells, virus-infected cells | cytotoxic or killer T cells |
| remember antigen et quickly stimulate immune response on reexposure | memory T cells |
| activate B et T cells; control or limit specific immune response | Helper T cells |
| natural killer cells destroy foreign cells, virus-infected cells, et cancer cells | NK lymphocytes |
| occurs when a person is first exposed to an antigen; during exposure the antigen is recognized et processed et subsequent development of antibodies or sensitized T lymphocytes is initiated | primary response (immune) |
| this process usually takes 1 to 2 weeks et can be monitored by testing serum antibody titer; following the initial rise in seroconversion, the level of antibody falls | primary response |
| results when a repeat exposure to the same antigen occurs; this response is much more rapid et results in higher antibody levels than the primary response; even yrs later the memory cells very quickly stimulate production of lg #s of the matching antibody | secondary response (immune) |
| are unusual et perhaps damaging immune responses to normal harmless substances; reactions stimulate inflammatory response | hypersensitivity |
| allergic reaction | hypersensitivity |
| pick up antigens from the circulation et display the antigen to the T lymphocytes | mature dendritic cells |
| another type of antigen grabbing cells, but cannot kill; offer antigen to T cells | dendritic cells |
| antigent presenting cells | dendritic cells |
| able to break through capsule of viruses et bacteria | dendritic cells |
| enhance humoral et cell-mediated response of the immune system | helper t cells |
| activate other cells needed to mount immune response | helper t cells |
| direct destruction of the antigen or cells carrying the antigen | cytotoxic t cells |
| attacks cells infected with viruses | cytotoxic t cells |
| inhibit humoral et cell-mediated responses; shut off helper t cells | suppressor T cells |
| development of antibodies against own cells/tissues | autoimmune disease |
| antibodies formed against self-antigens; loss of tolerance | auto-antibodies |
| another name for Type I hypersensitivity | allergic reactions |
| another name for Type II hypersensitivity | cytotoxic hypersensitivity |
| another name for Type III hypersensitivity | immune complex hypersensitivity |
| another name for Type IV hypersensitivity | cell-mediated or delayed hypersensitivity |
| What type of hypersensitivity most closely resembles the pathology seen in SLE? | Type III; due to chronic inflammatory |
| Large # of circulating auto-antibodies, against DNA , platelets, erythrocytes...>formation of immune complexes,deposited into tissues>inflammation et necrosis>vasculitis develops in many organs, impairing blood supply to the tissues | Patho of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) |
| vary due to organ involvement, but include: arthralgia, fatigue, malaise, cardiovascular problems due to vasculitis, polyuria if kidney damage occurs | S&S of SLE |
| serum antibodies, LE cells, other blood work | diagnostic tests for SLE |
| usually treated by a rheumatologist, prednisone (glucocorticoid), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs | treatment options for SLE |
| can receive blood from A et O; has antibodies for type B | Type A Blood |
| can receive blood from B et O; has antibodies for type A | Type B Blood |
| can receive blood from A, B, AB or O; has no antigens | Type AB Blood |
| can give blood to A, B, or AB; has no antigens; receives type O only | Type O Blood |
| What type of hypersensitivity reaction is seen with people that receive the wrong type of blood? | cytotoxic hypersensitivity |
| intoduction of wrong blood type>circulating IgGs react with antigens on blood type in body>destruction by phagocytosis or cytolitic enzymes | process of cytotoxic hypersensitivity to infusion of wrong blood type |
| How can pathogens (bacteria & viruses) circumvent or hide from the immune system? | bacteria/viruses can encapsulate themselves |
| involve a basic developmental failure somewhere in the system (the bone marrow's production of stem cells), the thymus, or the synthesis of antibodies | primary deficiencies |
| many defects result from a genetic or congenital abnormality et are first noticed in infants et children; may be associated problems that affect other organs et systems in the body | primary deficiencies |
| example: an inherited X-linked hypogammaglobulinemia (low antibody levels because of a B-cell defect) or a developmental defect known as Di George's syndrome (hypoplasia of the thymus) | examples of primary deficiencies |
| refers to loss of the immune response resulting from specific causes et may occur at any time during the lifespan | secondary deficiencies |
| another name for secondary deficiency | acquired immunodeficiency |
| specific causes of this deficiency include infection, particularly viral infection, splenectomy, malnutrition or liver disease, use of immunosuppressive drugs in clients with organ transplants, et radiation et chemotherapy for cancer treatment. | secondary deficiency |
| ________ associated with cacer is a result of malnutrition et blood loss as well as the effects of treatment, all of which depress bone marrow production of leukocytes. | Immunodeficiency |
| glucocorticoid drug | prednisone |
| commom long-term treatment for chronic inflammatory diseases as well as for cancer, cause decreased leukocyte production, atrophy of lymph nodes, et suppression of the immune response | prednisone (glucocorticoid drug) |
| may cause a termporary immunodeficiency state owing to high levels of glucocorticoid secretion in the body | severe stress, physical or emotional |
| ex. AIDS or HIV infection, affecting helper T cells | examples of secondary immunodeficiency |
| What is the causative organism for AIDS? | HIV-1 is the major cause of AIDS; a retrovirus which contains RNA>the virus is a member of a subfamily lentivirus, so called because infection develops slowly |
| What type of pathogen is it? | retrovirus |
| What specific cells in the immune system are affected by AIDS? | CD-4 T-helper lymphocytes, leading to a decrease in function et number of these cells, which play an essential role in both humoral et cell-mediated immune responses; HIV attacks macrophages et CNS cells; |
| What specific cells in the immune system are affected by AIDS? | at an early stage, the virus invades et multiplies in lymphoid tissue, the lymph nodes, tonsils et spleen, using these tissues as a reservoir for continued infection |
| the virus is transmitted in body fluids, such as blood, semen et vaginal secretions; blood contains the highest concentration of virus, with semen next | transmission of HIV |
| IV drug users with shared needles et those with multiple sexual partners provides another mode of transmission, particularly in the presence of associated tissue trauma et other sexually transmitted infections that promote direct access of the blood | people who are high-risk sources of HIV |
| determined by using a blood test for antibodies, using antigen from recombinant or the enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) for the primary test | diagnostic test for HIV |
| sensitive Western blot test, is used for confirmation | used for confirmation of AIDS after positive results of primary tests |
| depends on a major decrease in CD4+ T-helper lymphocytes in the blood et a change in the CD4+ to CD8 ratio in the presence of opportunisitic infection or certain cancers; B lymphocytes remain normal et IgG is increased | diagnosis of AIDS is dependent on these |
| List common AIDS opportunistic diseases. Which one is a common fungal infection? | in the lungs, Pneumocystis carinii, now considered a fungus, is a common cause of severe pneumonia |
| List common AIDS opportunistic diseases... | pneumocystis carinii, herpes simplex (a virus causing cold sores) et Candida (a fungus involves the mouth et often extends into the esophagus, increased incidence of TB, |
| What is the most common opportunistic cancer of AIDS patients? | Kaposi's sarcoma affects the skin, mucous membranes, et internal organs; skin lesions of Kaposi's sarcoma appear purple or brown, or non-pruritic (not itchy), painless patches that eventually become nodular; Non-hodgkin's lymphomas>freq. form malignancy |
| viral replication is rapid et there may be mild, generalized flulike symptoms such as low fever, fatigue, arthralgia et sore throat; these symptoms disappear without treatment | S et S of early stages of HIV infection |
| because of their unique characteristics, viruses are difficult to control; they can hid inside human cells et they lack their own ______ ______ or structures that might be attacked by drugs | metabolic processes |
| intracellular parasite requiring a living host cell for reproduction; each particle contains either DNA or RNA; they cause disease by destroying human cells during replication or by altering human DNA | virus |
| are not apparent until sufficient numbers of microorganisms are est. et reproducing in the body | signs of infection |
| include inflammation et necrosis of tissue | local signs of infection |
| include fever, headache, fatigue, anorexia et malaise | systemic signs of infection |
| saliva, blood, feces, semen, exudates from skin (barriers, gloves, glasses, gown, safe waste disposal) | direct transmission |
| respiratory droplet on hands or surfaces, insect bites (vectors), contaminated food et H2O (Hand washing, disinfect, sterilize, food handling et cooking, water treatment) | indirect transmission |
| occur in health care facilities | nosocomial infection |
| UTI, pneumonia, diarrhea et surgical wound infection | common nosocomial infections |
| when the infectious disease develops fully et the clinical manifestations reach a peak; with clinical signs appearing quickly with severe manifestations;depends on the virulence of the particular pathogen et host resistance | acute infection (acute period) |
| infection is not totally eradicated et some organisms continue to reproduce in the body; clinical signs are mild, although there may be periodic acute episodes; important to followup to make sure microorganism has been destroyed | chronic infection |
| developed in several ways as some bacteria have adapated their metabolism to block the drug action; some bacteria have altered their cell membrane to block drugs from entering microbe; | drug resistance |
| genetic mutations of molecules such as enzymes inside the microbe, thus eliminating the target for the antimicrobial drug to act on | microbes increasingly resistant to many drug groups |
Created by:
melissaaclark
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