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LewisCh28 Lower Resp

Lower Respiratory

QuestionAnswer
Accute inflammation of the lung parenchyma caused by microbial organism? Pneumonia
Pneumonia is... • More likely to result when defense mechanisms become incompetent or are overwhelmed by the virulence or quantity of infectious agents.
A lower respiratory tract infection of the lung parenchyma with onset in the community or during the first 2 days of hospitalization. Community-acquired pneumonia.
Pneumonia occuring 48 hours or longer after hospital admission and not incubating at the time of hospitalization. Hospital-acquired pneumonia.
Refers to the sequelae occuring from abnormal entry of secretions or substances into the lower airway. Aspiration pneumonia
Presents in patients with altered immune responses who are highly susceptible to respiratory infections Opportunistic pnuemonia
Four characteristic stages of pnuemonia? Congestion, red hepatization, gray hepatization, and resolution.
Nursing role of Pneumonia... identifying the patient at risk and taking measures to prevent the development of pneumonia.
An infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a gram-positive, acid-fast bacillus that is usually spread from person to person via airborne droplets. Tuberculosis (TB)
The major factors that have contributed to the resurgence of TB have been. (1) high rates of TB among patients with HIV infection and (2) the emergence of multidrug resistant strains of M. tuberculosis.
TB can present with a number of complications... spread of disease with involvement of many organs simultaneously, pleural effusion, emphysema, and pneumonia.
best way to diagnose latent M. tuberculosis infection... The tuberculin skin test usiing purified protein derivative.
Used to treat an individual with active disease and to prevent disease in a TB-infected person? Drug therapy
Patients strongly suspected of having TB should.. (1) be placed on airborne isolation, (2) receive appropriate drug therapy, and (3) receive an immediate medical workup, including chest x-ray, sputum smear, and culture.
Refers to air in the pleural space. Pneumothorax
As a result of the air in the pleural space.. there is partial of complete collapse of the lung.
Has no associated external wound. The most common form is a spontaneous pneumothorax, which is accumulation of air in the pleural space without an apparent antecedent event. Closed pneumothorax
Occurs when air enters the pleural space through an opening in the chest wall. Examples include stab or gunshot wounds and surgical thoracotomy. Open pneumothorax
A pneumothorax with rapid accumulation of air in the pleural space causing severely high intrapleural pressures with resultant tension on the heart and great vessels. It may result from either an open or a closed pneumothorax. Tension pneumothorax
an accumulation of blood in the intrapleural space. It is frequently found in association with open pneumothorax and is then called a hemopneumothorax. Hemothorax
lymphatic fluid in the pleural space due to a leak in the thoracic duct. Causes include trauma, surgical procedures, and malignancy. Chylothorax
Results from multiple rib fractures, causing an unstable chest wall. The diagnosis is made on the basis of fracture of two or more ribs, in two or more seperate locations, causing an unstable segment. Flail chest
Initial therapy of flail chest consists of.. airway management, adequate ventilation, supplemental oxygen therapy, careful administration of IV solutions, and pain control.
The definitive therapy of flail chest is to... reexpand the lugn and ensure adequate oxygenation.
The purpose of chest tubes and pleural drainage is to... remove the air and fluid from the pleural space and to restore normal intrapleural pressure so that the lungs can reexpand.
Routine monitoring is done by the nurse to evaluate if the chest drainage is successful by... observing for tidaling in the water-seal chamber, listening for breath sounds over the lung fields, and measuring the amount of fluid drainage.
Surgical opening into the thoracic cavity (considered major surgery because the incision is large, cutting into bone, muscle and cartilage. Thoracotomy
The two types of thoracic incisions... median sternotomy, performed by splitting the sternum, and lateral thoracotomy.
A collection of fluid in the pleural space. Pleural effusion.
Occurs primarily in noninflammatory conditions and is an accumulation of protein-poor, cell-poor fluid. Transudate
Accumulation of fluid and cells in an area of inflammation. Exudative effusion
Pleural effusion that contains pus. Empyema.
The type of pleural effusion can be determined by a sample of plueral fluid obtained via... Thoracentesis
An inflammation of the pleura. Common causes= pneumonia, TB, chest trauma, pulmonary infarctions, and neoplasms. Pleurisy
Condition of the lungs characterized by collapsed, airless alveoli, frequently observed in the postoperative patient. Atelectasis
An abnormal accumulation of fluid in the alveoli and interstitial spaces of the lungs.(Considered a medical emergency and may be life-threatening) Pulmonary edema.
The most common cause of pulmonary edema is... left-sided heart failure.
The blockage of pulmonary arteries by a thrombus, fat, or air emboli, or tumor tissue? Pulmonary embolism (PE) Most arise from thrombi in the deep veins of the legs.
Most common risk factors for PE are... immobilization, surgery within last 3 months, stroke, history of DVT, and malignancy.
Common complications of PE.. Pulmonary infarction (death of lung tissue) and pulmonary HTN
The objectives of treatment for PE... (1) prevent further growth or multiplication of thrombi in the lower extremities, (2) prevent embolization from the upper or lower extremities to the pulmonary vascular system, and (3) provide cardiopulmonary support if indicated.
Enlargement of the right ventricle secondary to diseases of the lung thorax, or pulmonary circulation. Cor pulmonale
The most common cause of cor pulmonale is... COPD
Created by: Brinny88
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