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Nutrition Ch. 7
Weight Management
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Overweight and underweight both result from? | energy imbalance |
| What is obesity? | excess body fat |
| What influences the body's tendency to consume or store too much energy or to expend too little? | genetic makeup |
| Only 1-5% of obestiy can be explained by? | a single gene mutation |
| What does lipoprotein lipase (LPL) do? | promotes storage in fat cells and muscle cells |
| People with high LPL are? | efficient at storing fat |
| Researchers have discovered a gene in humans called the? | obesity gene |
| The obesity gene codes for the protein? | leptin |
| What is leptin? | a hormone primarily produced and secreted by the fat cells in proportion to the amount of fat stored |
| A gain in body fatness stimulates that? | the production of leptin, and then suppresses the appetite, increases energy expenditure, and produces fat loss |
| What do fat loss produce? | suppression of leptin, increased appetite, and decresed energy expenditure |
| Without leptin you don't have? | appetite control, always hungry |
| What is leptin resistance? | where your body produces enough leptin and you choose not to use it |
| Adipose tissue secretes another protein known as? | adiponectin |
| What does adiponectin do? | correlates inversely with body fat. lean people have more than obese people |
| Adioponectin seems to have the beneficial effects of? | inhibiting inflammation and protecting against insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease |
| What works in the opposite direction of leptin? | ghrelin |
| Ghrelin is synthesized and secreted? | by stomach cells and promotes a sositive energy balance by stimulation appetie and promoting efficient energy storage |
| Ghrelin powerfully triggers? | the desire to eat |
| Obese people have low levels of what? | ghrelin |
| The amount of fat on a person's body reflects both? | fat cell number and fat cell size |
| The number of fat cells increases druing? | growing years of late childhood |
| Fat cells can also? | expand in size |
| What does the set-point theory propose? | that body weight is physiologically regulated |
| What does the environment include? | all of the circumstances that people encounter daily that puch them toweard fatness or thinness |
| What is portion distortion? | the perception that large portions are the sppropriate amounts to eat at a single setting |
| Psychological stimuli aslo trigger inappropriate ? | eating behaviors |
| Appropriate eating behavior is a response to? | hunger |
| What is appetite? | is learned and can lead people to ignore hunger or to over respond to it |
| Hunger is? | physiological |
| Appetite in? | psychological |
| inactivity contributes to? | obestiy and poor health |
| What does the question of whether a perons should lose weight depend on? | the extent of overweight, age, health, and genetics |
| Millions of ppl in the US used what for weight loss? | nonprescription weight loss products |
| When the FDA revieved OTC weight loss meds they discovered? | many had persciption drugs added illegally |
| Some consumers turn to what for weight loss? | herbal products |
| Many herbs contain? | toxins |
| What is the herb ephedra? | herb that showed promise as a weight loss drug in preliminary studies, but caused prob. and even death |
| Herbal laxitives are sold as? | dietars tea |
| There is no such thing as? | cellulite |
| What are 2 drugs the FDA has approved for weight loss? | sibutramine and orlistat |
| What is sibutramine? | appetite suppressant that works on the brain's neurotransmitters, most effective when used in combination |
| What are the side effects of sibutramine? | dry mouth, rapid heart, hypertension, irregular heart beat |
| What is orlistate? | it inhibits the action of fat digesting enzymes in the GI tract and so reduces fat digestion and absorption by about 30 percent |
| What are side effects of orlistat? | gas, bowel movements, and reduced absorption of fat soluble vitamins |
| What does phentermine do? | reduces appetite and widely prescribed, only approved for 3 months, AE: dry mouth, insomnia, and constipation |
| What are to procedures for weight loss? | gastric bypass and gastric banding |
| Both procedures? | limit food intake by effectively reducing the capacity of the stomach, and reduces ghrelin production |
| What kind of technique is used for gastric bypass ? | laparoscopic weight loss surgery |
| People who needs to lose weight should? | air for a slow, steady weight loss by decreasing kcalorie intake while maintaining an adequate nutrient intake and increase in activity |
| Rapid weight loss usually mean? | excessive loss of lean tissue |
| To lose weight you should? | increase energy and reduce food intake to 500-1000 k calories/day |
| What 2 factors support healthy body weight? | diet quality is better and daily energy density is lower |
| diets for weight management should include? | the 3 energy yeilding nutrients |
| what kind of grain should you eat? | whole grains and fiber rich vegies |
| A person trying to lose weight needs to pay attention to? | sugar and alcohol, and fat |
| Make sure that mild hunger not ______ is prompting you to eat? | appetite |
| Learn to satisfy thirst with? | water |
| What does water do? | increase fullness, reduce hunger, and reduce energy intake |
| If you replace pop with water how much weight could you lose a year? | 15 lbs |
| People who combine physical activity and diet will more likely? | lose more fat, retain more muscle, and regain less weight |
| The number of kcalories spent in an activity depends on? | body weight, intensity, and duration |
| Activity also contributes to? | energy output |
| Basal metabolism remains slightly elevated for several hours after? | intense or prolonged workout |
| Physical activity also helps to control? | appetite |
| Weight management programs encourage? | people to go out and be active when they are tempted to eat but are not really hungry |
| No excercise can remove the fat from? | any particular part of the body |
| What does behavior medification therapy provide? | ways to overcome barriers to making dietary changes and increasing physical activity |
| A person who is aware of all the beharviors that create a problem has a? | head start on developing a solution |
| To be aware of behaviors the person needs to first? | establish a baseline to make future progress |
| What do you keep a diary for? | time and place of meals and snacks, type and amount, person present, feelings, and physical activity |
| For goals you should start with? | a small time specific goal |
| An important element is? | fostering self esteem |
| Behavior therapists often? | teach cognitive skills |
| What are cognitive skills? | new way of thinking |
| Thinking habits are important as? | eat and activity habits |
| What is the paradox of making change? | it takes belief in oneself and honoring of oneself to lay the foundation for changing that self |
| Positive self talk is the concept of? | worth cultivating |
| Changing diet and behaviors without attention to a person's self concept invites? | failure |
| What is the key to maintaining weight? | accepting it as a lifelong endeavor and not a goal to be achieved and then forgotten |
| What is self efficacy? | believing that they havethe ability to control their weight |
| What are lapses? | periods of retuning to old habits |
| Underweight is less prevalent than? | overweight |
| A person who wants to gain weight should use? | resistance training primarily |
| What foods hold the key to weight gain? | energy dense |
| People wanting to gain weight should eat? | at least 3 meals a day |
| When underweight people begin eating normally they feel? | uncomfortable |
| Indentical twins are more ______ in weight than faternal twins? | similar |
| How much is the risk increased when there is a family hx of obesity? | 2-3 |
| What promotes fat storage in fat cells and muscle cells? | lipoprotein lipase |
| What causes efficient fat storage? | high lipoprotein lipase |
| What is called the obesity gene? | leptin |
| Leptin is a hormone produced by? | fat cells |
| What suppresses appetite, increases energy expenditure and produced fat loss? | leptin |
| Low leptin increases? | appetite and fat |
| What is a protein that promotes less body fat when there are high amounts? | adiponectin |
| What is a protein that works oppostie of leptin? | ghrelinghrelin |
| What stimulates appetite and promotes energy storage? | Ghrelin |
| Amount of fat=? | fat cell number and size |
| When does obesity develop? | during late childhood and pubery |
| What does the set point theory propose? | that body weight is physiologically regulated and that the body chooses a set weight and defends it |
| What are environmental stimuli for obesity? | all circumstances that people encounter that push them into fatness or thinness |
| What causes overeating? | fast food, stores, energy dense foods, larger portion size, larger plates, low energy dense foods are most expensive |
| What is programmed by heredity? | hunger |
| Hunger is? | physiological |
| Appetite is? | psychological and learned |
| What influences appetite? | yearning, cravings, and addictions |
| Most overweight people cannot? | become slender |
| What are OTC weight loss drugs usually? | strong diuretics |
| OTC weight loss drugs are? | psychotropic |
| Natural doesn't mean? | safe |
| What are herbal weight loss products? | ephedra, herbal laxatices |
| What are other weight loss gimmicks? | hot bath, cellulite remover |
| What is the obesity drug meridia? | appetite suppresset, AE: dry mouth, rapid HR, insomnia |
| What is the obesity drugs orlistat? | reduces fat digestion and absorption 30%, AE: gas, frequent, loss of fat soluble vitamins |
| What is the obestiy drug phentermine? | appetite suppressent, no longer than 3 mo. AE: dry mouth, insomnia, constipation |
| What are types of surgery for weight loss? | gastric bypass, gastric banding, laparoscopic weight loss surgery |
| What are reasonable weight loss strategy? | small changes, reasonable goals, nutrient dense foods, regular physical acitivty |
| Sucessful weight loss is defined? | not by pound lost, but by health gained |
| What is realistic energy intake for weight loss? | decrease by 500-1000 (lose 1-2 lbs) |
| What is a typical weight loss kcal for women? | 1200 |
| What is typical weight loss kcal for men? | 12-1600 |
| For a healthy plan you should? | balance CHO, fats & protein |
| What are lower energy dense foods? | fruit and vegies, broth based soups |
| Kcalorie loss depends on? | body weight, intensity and duration of activity |
| What are types of activities that should be done? | moderate to vigorous plus resistance training |
| What behavior should you be aware of? | time and place, type, amount, persons present, and feelings with food |
| Successful people who lose weight have? | 1 hr physical activity, weigh onceweek, less than 10 hrs tv a week, high fiber and water |
| What is anorexia nervosa? | starvation is intentional |
| What is bulimia nervosa? | compulsive overeating, followed by purging |
| How many woman have eating disorders? | 6% |
| How many men have eating disorders? | 3% |
| The female athlitic triad is linked to? | unsuitable weight standards, weight loss to enhance aesthetic |
| Loss of lean tissue impairs? | performance |
| What is Amenorrhea? | low blood estrogen, inferfility, bone mineral loss (Athletes) |
| young athletes need? | 1300 mg ca, and nutrient dense food |
| What are characteristics of anorexia? | perfectionist, work hard to please parents, overestimates body fatness |
| What damage happens to the body with anorexia? | growth ceases, metabolic rate slows, blood pressure falls, heart pumps inefficiently, loss of brain tissue, impaired immune response, anemia, sluggish digestion, heart and kidney failure |
| What eating disorder is more common in women? | belimia nervosa |
| What is a tpical person with bulimia like? | well educated, early 20's, high achiever, emotionally insecure, impulsive |
| When is binge eating usually done? | night, lasts an hour or more, high sugar and fat |
| binge eating does not include? | purging |
| How many obese people binge? | 1/3 |
Created by:
alicia.rennaker
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