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IV electrolytes
midterm
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Normal Sodium levels | 136-145 mEq/L |
| sodium roles | regulation of fluid distribution in the body maintenance of body fluid osmolarity regulation of acid-base imbalance maintain ECF volume |
| Hyponatremia levels | 135 or lower mEq/L |
| Hypernatremia levels | 145 or higher mEq/L |
| cause of hyponatremia | more water than sodium or excessive loss of sodium with an excessive gain of water. |
| cause of hypernatremia | gain of sodium with out water loss or loss of water without loss of sodium. |
| swollen tongue, red dry and sticky mucus membranes, elevated body temperature | sign or symptom of hypernatremia |
| chloride may be elevated with what? | hyponatremia |
| electrolytes | active chemicals that unite |
| Normal Potassium Levels | 3.5-5 mEq/L |
| potassium roles | responsible for nerve impulse transmission plays role in acid base imbalances effects skeletal and cardiac muscle fluid volume in the cell enzyme action for cellular energy production control of hydrogen ion concentration |
| is sodium intracellular or extracellular? | extracellular; it can't cross the cell membrane |
| is potassium intracellular or extracellular? | intracellular |
| what is the daily requirement of potassium? | 40 mEq/L |
| treatment of hypokalemia | salt substitutes contain K+ and can be used as supplement IV K+ replacement NEVER GIVE K+ IV PUSH |
| hypokalemia | potassium level less than 3.5 mEq/L |
| hyperkalemia | potassium level greater than 5 mEq/L |
| treatment of hyperkalemia | calcium gluconate, sodium bicarb, regular insulin in hypertonic solution, peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis |
| what is K+? | potassium |
| what is Na+? | sodium |
| what is Ca2+? | calcium |
| role of calcium | activating enxymes and stimulating chemical reactions maintaining normal nerve pulse transmissions conversion of prothrombin to thrombin maintaining skeletal elements regulates neuromuscular activity |
| hypocalcemia | decrease in total body calcium or decrease of percentage of ionized calcium level |
| numbness of fingers and hyperactive deep tendon reflexes are signs and symptoms of what? | hypocalcemia |
| hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia are dependent on what endocrine gland? | parathyroid |
| deep bone pain is a sign and symptom of what? | hypercalcemia |
| who is at risk for hypercalcemia? | patients with solid tumonrs that have metastasized |
| hypercalcemia | total serum calcium greater than 10.5 mg/dL |
| what is Mg+? | magnesium |
| normal range for magnesium | 1.3-2.1 mEq/L |
| is magnesium intracellular or extracellular? | intracellular |
| what are the roles of magnesium? | enzyme action regulation of neuromuscular activity regulation of electrolyte balance |
| magnesium levels less than 1.3 mEq/L | hypomagnesemia |
| chronic alcoholism, prolonged malnutriton or starvation, and prolonged NG tube suctioning are possible causes of what? | hypomagnesemia |
| hyperactive relexes, seizures, painfully cold extremeties, and parasthesia of feet and legs are signs and symptoms of what? | hypomagnesemia |
| magnesium levels greater than 2.1 mEq/L | hypermagnesemia |
| renal failure is a possible cause for what? | hypermagnesemia |
| what medicines are high in magnesium? | laxatives and antacids |
| what is a a sign of hypermagnesemia in newborns? | weak or absent cry |
| hypoactive deep tendon reflexes, sinus brady, heart block, cardiac arrest, and flushing are signs and symptoms of what? | hypermagnesemia |
| HPO4- is what? | phosphorus |
| what is the normal range for phosphorus | 3.0-4.5 mg/dL |
| where is the majority of phosphorus stored? | in the teeth and bones |
| what is the role of phosphorus | metablolism of protein, carbs, and fats energy production by the formation of ATP and ADP cell building block by being the backbone of nucleic acids and beign essential to cell membrane formation delivery of oxygen by formation of red blood cell enzyme |
| phosphate levels at less than 3.0 mg/dL | hypophosphatemia |
| alcohol withdrawl is a possible cause of what? | hypophosphatemia |
| tremors, ataxia, impaired oxygen delivery to peripheral tissues, dysarthria, dysphagia and congestive cardiomyopathy are signs and symptoms of what? | Hypophosphatemia |
| phosphate levels at more than 4.5 mg/dL | hyperphosphatemia |
| renal disease is a main cause of what? | hyperphosphatemia |
| blood transfusions, excessive vitamin D, and some cancers are possible causes of what? | hyperphosphatemia |
| hypocalcemia, tetany, soft tissue calcification, and mental changes are signs and symptoms of what? | hyperphosphatemia |
| Cl- is what? | chloride |
| normal chloride range | 98-106 mEq/L |
| what electrolyte is a secondary result of another electrolyte imbalance? | chloride |
| what is the role of chloride? | regulation of osmolarity regulation of fluid balance controls acidity of gastric juices regulation of acid balances rold in oxygen-carbon dioxide exchange (the chloride shift) |
| chloride levels less than 98 mEq/L | hypochloremia |
| pyloric obstruction, acute infection, and prolonged use of D5W are possible causes of what? | hypochloremia |
| tetany, hypertonic reflexes, depressed respirations, alkalosis are signs and symptoms of what? | hypochloremia |
| chloride levels more than 106 mEq/L | hyperchloremia |
| trauma (especially head injury), excessive secretion of adrenal cortical hormone, severe dehydration are possible causes of what? | hyperchloremia |
| headache, tremors, dyspnea, tachypnea, kussmaul respirations, hypoventilation, dysrhythmias, cardiac dysrhythmias are signs and symptoms of what? | hyperchloremia |
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