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| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| SPERMATOGENESIS | sperm are produced in seminiferous tubules of testes from about age 13 throughout the remainder of life |
| PSA NORMAL VALUES | 0-4 ng/ml |
| PROSTATIS | inflammation of the prostate gland |
| PROSTATIS - ACUTE & CHRONIC BACTERIAL | caused by bacterial infection |
| PROSTATIS - CHRONIC PROSTATITIS/CHRONIC PELVIC PAIN SYNDROME | prostate pain but no evidence of infection |
| PROSTATIS - ASYMPTOMATIC INFLAMMATORY PROSTATIS | no pathogens can be detected |
| PROSTATIS - SIGNS & SYMPTOMS - ACUTE | swelling, warmth & tenderness. Dysuria, frequency, hematuria & foul smelling urine |
| PROSTATIS - SIGNS & SYMPTOMS - CHRONIC | minimal symptoms or malaise |
| PROSTATIS - DIAGNOSIS | complaints confirmed by lab studies of prostatic secretions |
| PROSTATIS - TREATMENT - ACUTE & CHRONIC | antibiotic, analgesics & sitz bats. |
| PROSTATIS - TREATMENT - CHRONIC PROSTATITIS/CHRONIC PELVIC PAIN SYNDROME | short course of antibiotics, anti inflammatory drugs; opiod analgesics |
| PROSTATIS - TREATMENT - ASYMPTOMATIC | single daily dose of alpha adrenergic blocker |
| EPIDIDYMITIS | inflammation of the epididymis. Caused by infections, trauma or the reflux of urine from the urethra through the vas deference |
| EPIDIDYMITIS - SIGNS & SYMPTOMS | painful scrotal edema, nausea, vomitting, chills, fever |
| EPIDIDYMITIS - TREATMENT | bed rest, ice packs, sitz baths, analgesics, antibiotics, anti inflammatory drugs and scrotal support. |
| EPIDIDYMITIS - NURSING CARE | monitor temp, edema & comfort. Carry out prescribed tx. |
| ORCHITIS | inflammation of one or both testes. r/t trauma or infections such as mumps, pneumonia or tuberculosis |
| ORCHITIS - SIGNS & SYMPTOMS | fever, tenderness and swelling of the affected testicle and scrotal tenderness. |
| ORCHITIS - TREATMENT | analgesics, antipyretics, bed rest, scrotal support, local heat to the scrotum |
| ORCHITIS - NURSING CARE | pain management, assistance w activities of daily living, pt teaching & anxiety reduction |
| BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY (BPH) | enlargement of the prostate gland. Common age-related change, but exact cause is unknown. |
| BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY (BPH) - SIGNS & SYMPTOMS | obstructive symptoms: decreasing size and force of the urinary stream, urine retention, and postvoid dribbling. IRRITATIVE symptoms: urgency, frequency, dysuria, nocturia, hematuria, sometimes urge incontinence |
| BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY (BPH) - DIAGNOSIS | based on rectal examination, lab & radiographic studies, endoscopy, ultrasound, catheterization for residual urine & sometimes urodynamic testing. Urine specimen & prostatic secretions obtained & examined for infection |
| BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY (BPH) - TREATMENT | FINESTERIDE (Proscar) DUTASTERIDE (Avodart). TAMSULOSIN (Flomax), DOXAZOSIN (Cardura) and TERAZOSIN (Hytrin) |
| BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY (BPH) - SURGICAL/INVASIVE TREATMENTS | TURP (transurethral resection of the prostate) and suprapubic prostatectomy |
| BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY (BPH) - TURP COMPLICATIONS | urinary infection & incontinence, hemorrhage, urinary leakage, inflammation of the pubic bone, erectile dysfunction |
| BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY (BPH) - ALTERNATIVE INVASIVE TREATMENTS | microwave thermoterapy or transurethral needle ablation, stents, balloon dilation |
| BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY (BPH) - ASSESSMENT | urinary symptoms: frequency, urgency, hesitancy, a change in stream size or force & nocturia. Record pain or hematuria. Palpage lower abdomen to detect bladder distention |
| BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY (BPH) - ASSESSMENT OF PROSTATECTOMY PT | compare vital sites with preop. Inspect urine, dressings & wound drainage for excess bleeding. Carefully record fluid intake & output to avoid overdistention of the bladder. Record urine color & any clots. |
| BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY (BPH) - ASSESSMENT OF PROSTATECTOMY PT | Check intravenous fluids & regulate rate of flow. monitor pt's level of comfort for incisional pain & bladder spasms |
| ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION (IMPOTENCE) | inability to produce & maintain an erection for sexual intercourse. Erection requires intact neurologic function, sufficient inflow of blood to fill the corpus cavernosa. |
| ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION (IMPOTENCE) - DRUG THERAPY | phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors - VIAGRA, CIALIS, LEVITRA. Alprostadil - MUSE, CAVERJECT. Papaverine, testosterone |
| ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION (IMPOTENCE) - TREATMENT | vacuum constriction devices, revascularization (surgical procedure that bypasses blocked arteries, removes or ties off incompentent veins & tightens surrounding tissues), Penile implants. |
| ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION (IMPOTENCE) - ASSESSMENT | pt's health/family history of diabetes. Record surgical procedures, injuries, illness, cancer & meds used regularly. Habits & lifestyles including adl's, diet, alcohol, drugs, exercise. |
| ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION (IMPOTENCE) - INTERVENTIONS | listen & be careful not to dismiss the issue as unimportant. Provide factual information & resources. |
| PEYRONIE'S DISEASE | a hard, nonelastic, fibrous tissue (plaque) just under the skin of the penis of men between 45 & 70 yrs of age. Plaque develops as a result of an injury that causes inflammation & scarring of the tunica surrounding the corpora cavernosa. |
| PEYRONIE'S DISEASE | loss of the elasticity of the tunica results in decreased ability to fll during an erection & failure to store because of low pressure on the veins against the covering of the erectile tissue |
| PEYRONIE'S DISEASE - MEDICAL TREATMENT | topical or oral meds w vit E, oral paraaminobenzoic acid, tamoxifen, colchicine. Local radiation, injections to the lessions. Tx depend on size of plaque & curvature |
| PRIAPISM | prolonged erection not related to sexual desire. Causes injury to the penis, sickle cell crisis & neoplasms of the brain or spinal cord. Drugs that may be responsible: alpha adrenergic blockers, anticoagulants, cocaine, marijuana, levitra. |
| PRIAPISM | painful, constitutes in emergency situation. Failure to resolve the problem within 12 to 24 hours may result in penile ischemia, gangrene, fibrosis & erectile dysfunction |
| PRIAPISM - MEDICAL TREATMENT | aspirating blood from erectile chambers or injecting drugs that causes contraction of smooth muscle, inhibiting inflow of blood & allowing outflow. Emergency surgery may be needied. |
| INFERTILITY | couples who have had unprotected intercourse over a 12 month period and have been unable to become pregnant. May be caused by reproductive problem in the male, female or both |
| INFERTILITY - ETIOLOGY & RISK FACTORS | endocrine disorders, testicular problems or abnormalities of the ejaculatory system. Infections that affects the testicular or ejaculatory functions. Infections: mumps, tb, PNA, syphilis, chlamydia, gonorrhea |
| INFERTILITY - CRYPTOCHIDISM | testis in other than a dependent scrotal position. Bec the abd cavity is warmer than the scrotum, excessive warmth can damage the seminiferous epithelium of undescended testes & result in decreased sperm count. |
| INFERTILITY - TESTICULAR TORSION | occurs unilaterally when testicle is mobile & the spermatic cord twists, cutting off blood supply to testicle. Acute med surgery requiring immediate release of the torsion or removal of the testicle. |
| INFERTILITY - TESTICULAR TORSION- S/S | intense pain, often accompanied by nausea & vomitting. |
| INFERTILITY - TESTICULAR TORSION- MED TX | after it is corrected, lowered sperm count & infertility may follow |
| INFERTILITY - VARICOCELE | lengthening & enlargement of the scrotal portion of the venous system that drains the testicle. Caused by incomptent or absent valves in the spermatic venous system. Allows pooled blood & the rsulting increased pressure to dillate the veins |
| INFERTILITY - VARICOCELE - TX | scrotal support, surgical ligation & is indicated when fertility is thought to be affected. Fertility or ability to conceive may/may not improve |
| INFERTILITY - VASECTOMY | surgical removal of a portion of the vasa. Erection, ejaculation & intercourse is not affected. |
| INFERTILITY - VASECTOMY - postop | pain/swelling managed w application of an ice bag, mild analgesics & scrotal support. Pt can resume intercourse as soon as he feels comfortable. Important to use birth control until analysis of semen to determine there is complete absence of sperm |
| PENILE CANCER | relatively rare; almost exclusively in uncircumsized men. A dry, wartlike painless growth on the penis that does not respond to antibiotic therapy. Can be removed surgically if treated in early stages. |
| TESTICULAR CANCER | testicular germ cell carcinoma occurs most often in men between 18 & 34. |
| PROSTATIC CANCER | cause is unknown. Age >50 yrs, african american, overweight, high fat diet, & family history. |
| PHIMOSIS | edema that may prevent retraction of the foreskin caused by inflammation under the foreskin. Often assoc w poor hygiene. Treated w antimicrobials & proper cleansing. Circumcision sometimes recommended. |
| PHIMOSIS | Uncircumcised men need to retract the foreskin for cleansing as part of daily hygiene |
| CHLAMYDIAL INFECTION | most common bacterial STI in US. Organism like bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis . Transmitted by contact w mucus membranes in mouth, eyes, urethra, vagina or rectum |
| CHLAMYDIAL INFECTION - SIGNS & SYMPTOMS | most has no symptoms. Males: PENILE DISCHARGE; painful or frequent urination. Females: vaginal discharge, painful urination, nausea, fever, painful intercourse, bleeding between mens, lower abd pain |
| CHLAMYDIAL INFECTION - COMPLICATIONS | sterility, risk of ectopic pregnancy is increased, women w chlamydia are approximately 5 times more likely to become infected w HIV if exposed to it. |
| CHLAMYDIAL INFECTION - DIAGNOSIS | lab studies: chlamydia antigen test, cell tissue culture |
| CHLAMYDIAL INFECTION - TREATMENT | single does of AZITHROMYCIN (Zithromax) or 7 day course DOXYCYCLINE (Vibramycin). Repeat culture 4-7 days. Confirms successful treatment. Pt to avoid all sexual intercourse (genital, oral, anal) until cured. |
| GONORRHEA | commonly reported STI in US. Most often through sexual contact. Caused by neisseria gonorrhae. Affects pharynx, rectum, urethra, prostrate, epididymis, uterus & fallopian tubes. w/ systemic (disseminated) infection: heart, joints, skin & meninges |
| GONORRHEA - SIGNS & SYMPTOMS | many has no symptoms. MALE: WHITISH OR GREENISH discharge from penis. Often burning sensation during urination. FEMALES: vaginal discharge, redness & swelling of the external genitalia, a burning sensation during urination, abd pain, abnormal mens. |
| GONORRHEA - SIGNS & SYMPTOMS | Rectal infection: discharge, anal itching, soreness, bleeding or painful bowel movements. Throat infections: usually no symptoms but sore throat. |
| GONORRHEA - COMPLICATIONS | sterility in both sexes & infections may lead to damage to heart tissue & joints. Males may develop epididymitis & prostatitis. Females may develop PID. |
| GONORRHEA - DIAGNOSIS | health history & physical exam findings as well as lab analysis of exudate infected body parts or urinalysis |
| GONORRHEA - TREATMENT | single dose of IM ROCEPHIN, Suprax, Cipro, Floxin. If concurrent w/ chlamydial infection, initial drug followed w 7 days oral VIBRAMYCIN. Erythromycin ophtalmic ung for newborn to prevent eye infection caused by exposure to gonococci during delivery |
| SYPHILIS | caused by microscopic organism, a spirochete called TREPONEMA PALLIDUM. Organism transmitted by sexual contact; also spread through breaks in skin. Also passed through placenta, thus causing an infant to be born with disease |
| SYPHILIS - SIGNS & SYMPTOMS - PRIMARY STAGE (CHANCRE) | reddish papule appears where organism entered body; usually on genitals, anus or mouth. w/in wk, papule becomes painless red ulcer. Lymph nodes near enlarged but not tender. will last 1-5 wks. When it disappear, pt thinks cured but it moved to blood. |
| SYPHILIS - SIGNS & SYMPTOMS - SECONDARY STAGE | occurs 1-6 months after contact. Rash on extremities chest or back, palms, soles. Pustules containing highly contagious material often develop, fever, sore throat & generalized aching, pt contagious during 1st & 2nd stage. |
| SYPHILIS - SIGNS & SYMPTOMS - LATENT STAGE | there are no symptoms. Organisms are invading major organs. Disease is not spread by sexual contact during the latent stage but may be transmitted by blood exposure. |
| SYPHILIS - SIGNS & SYMPTOMS - LATE STAGE | generally 3 yrs after contact before late syphilis develops although it may be decades. Arthritis, numbness of extremities, ulcers of skin & internal organs, pain due to damage to the heart, blood vessels (especially the aorta), spinal cord or brain |
| SYPHILIS - COMPLICATIONS | blindness, mental illness, paralysis, heart disease. Easier for a person to contrct HIV |
| SYPHILIS - DIAGNOSIS | physical exam findings. Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL), test & rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test. Flourescent treponemal antibody absorption test (FTA-ABS) & the microhemagglutination test. |
| SYPHILIS - TREATMENT | Parental PENICILLIN G unless contraindicated. Advice follow up appt w md to see whether tx was effective. Advice not to engage in sexual act until 1 month after completing treatment for primary or secondary syphillis. |
| HERPES SIMPLEX - COLD SORES | caused by herpes febrilis or herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). Transmitted through contact w open lesions, usually on the lips or inside the mouth |
| HERPES SIMPLEX - GENITAL HERPES | caused by herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2). Vaginal or anal intercourse and oral-genital contact but also can be by hand contact. |
| HERPES SIMPLEX - SIGNS & SYMPTOMS | painful, itching sores on or around the genitals approximately 2-20 days after infection. Symptoms last abt 2-3 wks. Rash appears 1st, then small blisters that ulcerate. Complaints of flulike symptoms & burning sensation during urination. |
| HERPES SIMPLEX - COMPLICATIONS | increased risk of cervical cancer. Obstetricians recommend caesarian sections for infected women who have active lesions to decrease risk of transmission to baby |
| HERPES SIMPLEX - DIAGNOSIS | appearance of genital lesions. Exudate from lesions examined under a microscope & culture. HERP CHECK. |
| HERPES SIMPLEX - TREATMENT | NO CURE for HSV infection but oral antivirals acyclovir (ZOVIRAX) to control s/s. |
| TRICHOMONIASIS | caused by protozoan parasite. Usually sexually transmitted. Parasite can survive for hours on damp cloths. CBC estimates 7 mil cases per year. Affects vagina in women, urethra for men |
| TRICHOMONIASIS - SIGNS & SYMPTOMS | WOMEN: frothy, yellowish discharge. foul odor. Vaginal irritation & itching. Urinary frequency/burning infection in urethra. Chronic infection: bladder & anal involvement. MEN: no symptoms. mild discharge or slight burning after urination or ejaculation. |
| TRICHOMONIASIS - DIAGNOSIS | detected by microscopic study of vaginal discharge or urine (in males). Discharge can be cultured to reveal organism. |
| TRICHOMONIASIS - TREATMENT | METRONIDAZOLE (FLAGYL) is the drug of choice. Important that pt & sexual partners be treated at the same time to avoid reinfection. |
| CONDYLOMATA ACUMINATA (GENITAL WARTS) | caused by HPV. Affect genital, anal regions of men & women. Transmission by vaginal, anal or genital contact. Incidents of transmission from people who had no visible signs of infection. Incubation period: 3 wks to 8 months. |
| CONDYLOMATA ACUMINATA (GENITAL WARTS) - SIGNS & SYMPTOMS | MALES: glans, foreskins, urethra opening , penile shaft or scrotum. FEMALES: in/around vulva, vagina, cervix, perineum, anal canal, urethra. Also on labia, deep w/in vaginal canal & endocervix. Warts generally pink or red & soft w cauliflower like. |
| CONDYLOMATA ACUMINATA (GENITAL WARTS) - DIAGNOSIS | observation of warts. Biopsy necessary to make a definitive diagnosis. |
| CONDYLOMATA ACUMINATA (GENITAL WARTS) - TREATMENT | NO CURE. Removal provides symptomatic relief. Application of podofilox or imiquimod by pt. cryotherapy |
| BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS | caused by Gardnerella Vaginalis & other anaerobic bacteria. Infectious bacteria emerge when normal bacteria in vagina are suppressed. Asoc w having multiple sex partners & douching. Unclear if actually transmitted sexually |
| BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS - SIGNS & SYMPTOMS | genital irritation & itching, thin gray discharge, & a fishy odor but some women report no symptoms |
| BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS - DIAGNOSIS | microscopic examination of the discharge fluid by culture. |
| BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS - TREATMENT | treated by FLAGYL administered orally or vaginally or clindamycin vaginal cream. COMBINATION OF ALCOHOL & METRONIDAZOLE (FLAGYL) MAY TRIGGER A DISULFRAM-LIKE REACTION, W VOMITTING, TACHYCARDIA, & HYPOTENSION. |
| HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION | HIV gradually destroys T4 lymphocytes w/c are essential for resisting pathogens. As lymphocytes decline, pt is increasingly sysceptible to opportunistic infections. When immune system ceases to function, pt has AIDS |
Created by:
jekjes
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