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Pharmcology
Test 1 Dr. Hutcherson
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Basic Term- Drug Forms Solids consist of..... | tablet, enteric-coated, sustained release, capsule & caplets, Trouche, suppository. |
| Basic Term-Drug Forms semi solids consist of..... | Ointment, Cream. |
| Basic Term-forms Liquids consists of..... | Syrup, Elixer, Tincture, Suspension, Emulsion, parental meds, ophthalmic & otic meds. |
| Enteral means.... | absorbed via oral or gastrointestinal -Oral -sublingual -Rectal |
| Parental Means.... | Injection, absorbed through tissue. -Subcutaneous (SQ) -Intramuscular (IM) -Intravenous (IV) -Intradermal (ID) |
| Topical Means.... | Absorbed via surface. -Trandermal(ex. Patches) -inhalation -Eye, ear, nose drops -Aerosols,pastes, powders, solutions, foams, gels, suppositories, ointments. |
| Enteral and topical depending on formulation??? | Rectal |
| What drugs absorb faster? | Liquids, elixirs, syrups, suspensions,capsules. |
| what drugs absorb slower? | tablets, coated tablets, Enteric Tablets. |
| -Responsible for overseeing development and approval of new drugs, determining whether drug OTC or prescription. | Food and Drug Administration. (FDA) |
| -Responsible for all laws relative to sale and distribution of medications, particularly controlled substances. | Drug enforcement agency (DEA) |
| Pure Food & Drug Act of 1906.... | First law to restrict manufacture and distribution of drugs by requiring government pre-approval of a drug. Established FDA. Required drugs to meet specified purity standards, required labeling, and prohibited misleading information about the ingredient |
| What is the Black Box warning? | warning on a MED from FDA, because of reported problems, it is not illegal for Dr's to prescribe against black box, but increases liability. |
| These are not controlled by the FDA, No requirements. in regards to purity, safety, effectiveness and labeling. | Herbal products & nutritional supplements |
| when does the FDA gets involved in regards to Herbal products & nutritional supplements? | "After the FACT" if harm occurs |
| Do require FDA approval? | Food Additives. |
| Categories of Controlled Drugs Schedule I.... | High abuse potential; no accepted medical use and may not be prescribed (heroin, cocaine {except certain cocaine used as local anesthetic}, hallucinogens |
| Categories of Controlled Drugs Schedule II... | High abuse potential but accepted medical use. Includes most narcotics, amphetamines, strong sedatives. Usually Dr. cannot call in prescription to drug store, must have written prescription |
| Schedule II...where can the orders be placed? and how? | (In hospital, telephone and verbal orders are OK; however, Dr. must co-sign order within 48 hrs). No Rx refill. In hosp, PRN order must be renewed q 72 hrs; scheduled order (such as q 6h) valid only for 1 wk; |
| Schedule III & Schedule IV | Varying degree of abuse potential. Prescription valid for 6 months or 5 refills. Schedule III includes anabolic steroids (body building steroids), narcotic combination products; Schedule IV includes most tranquilizers, sleeping pills |
| Schedule V: | Includes meds with small amt of narcotic; may incl some OTC drugs that require special records; varies from state to state |
| Florida’s “Negative Formulary” LawRequires.. pharmacist to offer generic form of drug, unless...? | Physician specifies no substitution Drug appears on this “negative formulary”, which is list of drugs which cannot be substituted (only about 7 drugs now on list) |
| In Phases of Human drug testing what is Phase 1? | Primarily healthy subjects, perhaps small group of patients; designed primarily to prove safety in humans, determine safe dosage, route of administration, metabolism, etc |
| In Phases of Human drug testing what is Phase 2? | Patients with disease the drug is designed to treat; results compared to healthy subjects, primarily to prove effectiveness, monitor for side effects, refine therapeutic range |
| In Phases of Human drug testing what is Phase 3? | Much larger group of patients (up to several thousand) with disease the drug is designed to treat; to further prove safety, effectiveness, and appropriate dosage; to determine benefit versus risk |
| Off Label use of meds is...? | NOT Illegal |
| A Generic drug must....? | be bioequivalent to the brand name drug. |
| Drugs from other countries.... | cannot legally be brought to the U.S. |
| A drug being in the body does .... | not necessarily lead to an action of that drug. Must be an (unbound) sufficient free drug level and a receptor response for an action to occur. |
| A patients states that they are allergic to a med, what do you do? | Ask what happens when he/she takes it? if upset stomach, it is not allergic reaction. |
| What is LFT's? | Liver Function tests |
| How can LFT's be ordered? | LFT or individual |
| Formerly SGPT | enzymes of AST |
| formerly SGOT | enzymes of ALT |
| BUN and creatinine evaluate.... | renal function and ability to excrete drugs. |
| The Primary factor of affecting pharmacokinetics in any patient is..? | organ function especially in elderly, infants and young children. |
| What factors influence | 1-absorbtion 2-distrubution 3-metabolism 4-excretion |
| when talking about Pharmacokinetics, metabolism occurs.... | In the liver, the degree of metabolism of drug depend on liver function, ex. poor liver poor metabolism. |
| Enzymes function may be enhanced (resulting in greater metabolism and less effect of the drug) or inhibited (resulting in less metabolism and more drug effect) | Hepatic enzymes. |
| Orally administered drugs that enter the portal circulation and pass through liver first before entering general circulation. If the drug has a high ... | hepatic first pass effect, drug would be metabolized before reaching circulation. |
| when talking about Pharmacokinetics,excretion occurs... | in the kidneys, but can occur in other areas. |
| Speed at which drug leaves the body is called... | clearance |
| what are some factors affecting excretion of drugs? | -Renal blood flow and glomerular filtration -pH of urine -transport across renal tubles -evaluate renal function , BUN and Creatinine. |
| Incompatibility refers to... | Physical reaction btwn two drugs when mixed in same syringe. |
| Pharmacodynamic reactions: Additive....? | Greater affect 1+1=2 |
| Synergistic....? | Greater than affect alone 1+1=5 |
| Potentiation....? | combined drugs with different effects being enhanced 1a+1b=2a |
| Antagonistic...? | combined effect is less than a single agent,one drug diminishes the other 1+1=<1 |
| most commonly uncomfortable, but tolerable symptoms | side effect |
| life threatening effect | Toxic effect |
| unpredictable, unexpected reaction due to genetic differences | Idiosyncratic reaction |
| disease produced by drugs | latrogenic disease |
| most commonly are hepatoxcity and nephrotoxicity | Organ toxicity |
| causes fetal defects | Teratogenic |
| causes cancer | carcinogenic |
Created by:
mari7512
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