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VN 152 Femal Repro
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| DIAGNOSTIC TEST/PROC - PELVIC EXAMINATION | allows inspection & palpation of external & internal reproductive structures to identify deviations from normal, to provide info for medical diagnoses, & to collect specimens for lab analysis. |
| DIAGNOSTIC TEST/PROC - ENDOMETRIAL & CERVICAL BIOPSIES | performed for 3 reasons: 1) assess endometrium for readiness to accept & nourish fertilized ovum. 2) to indirectly assess corpus luteum function in cases of supected infertility. 3) to diagnose uterine cancer. |
| DIAGNOSTIC TEST/PROC - COLPOSCOPY | used to inspect the cervix under the magnification & to identify abnormal & potentially cancerous tissue. Commonly done before cervical biopsy |
| DIAGNOSTIC TEST/PROC - CULDOSCOPY | invasive procedure usually performed with light sedation & local anesthetic on an outpatient basis. the simplest way to directly visualize the female pelvic cavity. Can experience shoulder pain caused by air entering pelvic cavity. For ectopic pregnancy |
| DIAGNOSTIC TEST/PROC - LAPAROSCOPY | surgical procedure that may be performed under local anesthesia on an outpatient basis or under gen anesthesia. It visualizes abdominal organs & to perform minor surgery such as tubal ligation. |
| DIAGNOSTIC TEST/PROC - DILATION AND CURETTAGE | used for diagnostic & treatment purposes. To diagnose uterine cancer and causes of abnormal uterine bleeding. |
| DIAGNOSTIC TEST/PROC - MAMMOGRAPHY | radiologic test used to detect breast cysts or tumors, especially those not palpated on physical exam. Should be done every 1-2 yrs for women 40-49 yrs & annually for women 50 and older. |
| DIAGNOSTIC TEST/PROC - BREAST SELF-EXAMINATION | should be done at the same time each month. At the end of the menstrual period. |
| DIAGNOSTIC TEST/PROC - BREAST BIOPSY | definitive test for diagnosing breast cancer. |
| THERAPEUTIC MEASURES - DOUCHING | a procedure in which the vagina is floded with fluid containing various cleansing or perfumed agents. |
| THERAPEUTIC MEASURES - CAUTERIZATION | a method of deliberate tissue destruction by means of heat, electricity or chemicals |
| THERAPEUTIC MEASURES - APPLICATION OF HEAT | used as treatment to relieve pain, to promote healing by increasing blood flow & tissue metabolism, and to stimulate rupture of abscessess. |
| THERAPEUTIC MEASURES - TOPICAL MEDS | meds for application to the vulva or vagina are in the forms of tablets, creams & suppositories. |
| UTERINE BLEEDING DISORDERS - METRORRHAGIA | bleeding or spotting between menstrual periods |
| UTERINE BLEEDING DISORDERS - MENORRHAGIA | menstrual periods w profuse or prolonged bleeding |
| UTERINE BLEEDING DISORDERS - AMENORRHEA | the absence of menses |
| VULVITIS | inflammation of the vulva |
| VAGINITIS | local inflammatory response to various factors. Most common: candida albicans (fungus or yeast) and Trichomonas vaginalis (protozoal infection) |
| VULVITIS & VAGINITIS - S/S | local swelling, redness & itching |
| VULVITIS & VAGINITIS - COMPLICATIONS | ascending infection |
| VULVITIS & VAGINITIS - MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS | based on symptoms and on inspection of the vulva & vagina |
| VULVITIS & VAGINITIS - MED TREATMENT | specific to the causative agent. |
| BARTHOLIN'S GLAND ABSCESS (BARTHOLINITIS) | edema & pus formation due to infectous microorganisms occlude the duct of the affected gland and form an abscess |
| BARTHOLIN'S GLAND ABSCESS (BARTHOLINITIS) - S/S | perineal pain, fever, labial edema, chills, malaise and purulent discharge |
| BARTHOLIN'S GLAND ABSCESS (BARTHOLINITIS) - COMPLICATIONS | systemic infection |
| BARTHOLIN'S GLAND ABSCESS (BARTHOLINITIS) - MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS | visual inspection, culture & sensitivity |
| BARTHOLIN'S GLAND ABSCESS (BARTHOLINITIS) - MED TREATMENT | oral analgesics & moist heat (sitz), surgical incision & drainage of abscess. Broad-spectrum antibiotics |
| CERVICITIS | inflammation of the cervix. Infectous organisms, scraping of cells for diagnostic tests, cryosurgery, use of tampons or meds, childbirth, decreased estrogen levels after menopause & use of oral contraceptives |
| CERVICITIS - S/S | usually asymptomatic, although it may cause pain,visible vaginal discharge, bleeding or dysuria |
| CERVICITIS - COMPLICATIONS | pelvic inflammatory disease |
| CERVICITIS - MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS | pelvic exam or pap smear |
| CERVICITIS - MED TREATMENT | systemic or topical antimicrobial agents. |
| MASTITIS | infection induced inflammation of breast tissue in the lactating woman. Staphylococcus aureaus, escherichia coli, streptococci |
| MASTITIS - S/S | usually confined to one breast, may be asymptomatic except for tenderness and low grade fever. Symptomatic: localized pain, fever, tachycardia, general malaise, headache |
| MASTITIS - COMPLICATIONS | abscess formation |
| MASTITIS - MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS | culture & sensitivity |
| MASTITIS - MED TREATMENT | freq emptying of breast, heat, rest & analgesics |
| FIBROCYSTIC CHANGES | an exagerrated response to hormonal influences. Excess fibrous tissue develops accompanied by overgrowth of the lining of the mammary ducts, proliferation of mammary ducts & formation of cysts. |
| FIBROCYSTIC CHANGES | Common among women who have never given birth, have had spontaneous abortion & early menarche & late menopause. |
| FIBROCYSTIC CHANGES - S/S | smooth round lumps that are freely movable may be felt; sometimes milky yellow or green discharge from the nipple. |
| FIBROCYSTIC CHANGES - MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS | physical exam & health history. Mammogram or ultrasound may be used. |
| FIBROCYSTIC CHANGES - MED TREATMENT | DANOZOL reduces symptoms. Decreases estrogen production |
| PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE | infection that may affect any or all structures in pelvic portion of reproductive tract and peritoneal cavity |
| PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE - COMPLICATIONS | ectopic pregnancy, infertility & chronic abdominal discomfort. Infection of the entire peritoneal cavity & systemic septic shock also are potential complications |
| PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE - MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS | culture of the causative organism/s, sonography, laparoscopy & culdocentesis. |
| PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE - MED TREATMENT | rest, application of heat via warm compresses, a heating pad or sitz, regimen of analgesics & antibiotics. |
| ENDOMETRIOSIS | endometrial cells deposited in the pelvic cavity implant on structures within the cavity. They continue to respond to menstrual cycle hormonal stimulation. Result is the periodically painful & potentially destructive condition |
| ENDOMETRIOSIS | belived to occur in 10% of all women of reproductive age. Incidence and severity are greatest in women with relatives who have endometriosis. |
| ENDOMETRIOSIS - S/S | dysmenorrhea, pain w defacation, dypareunia & abnormal bleeding |
| ENDOMETRIOSIS - COMPLICATIONS | constriction of pelvic structure by endometrisis-related adhesions. |
| ENDOMETRIOSIS - MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS | visualization & excision of endometrial implants; ultrasonography |
| ENDOMETRIOSIS - MED TREATMENT | nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. GNRH hormone, surgical management |
| ENDOMETRIOSIS - NURSING CARE | validating that pain is real & providing info about pain relief measures. |
| CYSTS | a closed saclike structure that is line w epithelium & that contains fluid, semisolid or solid material. Classified as neoplasms & may be benign or malignant; majority are benign |
| FIBROID TUMORS | benign & common. They grow slowly during reproductive yrs but atrophy after onset of menopause |
| FIBROID TUMORS - S/S | may be asymptomatic, but the most common symptoms are menstrual irregularities - menorraghia & dysmenorrhea. |
| FIBROID TUMORS - COMPLICATIONS | infertility, crowding & malpositioning of the fetus during pregnancy, degenerative changes from interruption of blood supply. |
| FIBROID TUMORS - MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS | on examination, uterus is enlarged & distorted. |
| FIBROID TUMORS - MED TREATMENT | many need no treatment, tumors atrophy after menopause. Myomectomy may be performed. |
| CYSTOCELE | vaginal disorders caused by weakness of supportive structures between the vagina & bladder |
| RECTOCELE | vaginal disorders caused by weakness of supportive structures between the vagina & rectum |
| CYSTOCELE & RECTOCELE - RISK FACTORS | during pregnancy & childbirth, the muscles that support the pelvic floor may be weakened. |
| CYSTOCELE & RECTOCELE - S/S | dysparenuia, lower back & pelvic discomfort & recurrent bladder infections |
| CYSTOCELE & RECTOCELE - MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS | based on inspection & palpation. |
| CYSTOCELE & RECTOCELE - MED TREATMENT | may include kegel exercises; pessary, anterior colporrhaphy & posterior colporrhaphy |
| UTERINE PROLAPSE | uterus descends into the vagina from its usual position in the pelvis. The supporting ligaments amy be congenitally weak or become stretched during pregnancy or injured during childbirth, resulting in weaking of support |
| UTERINE PROLAPSE - FIRST DEGREE | cervix is above vaginal introitus. |
| UTERINE PROLAPSE - SECOND DEGREE | cervix protrudes from the introitus. |
| UTERINE PROLAPSE - THIRD DEGREE | vagina is inverted and both the cervix & the body of the uterus protrude from the introitus. |
| UTERINE PROLAPSE - S/S | dysparenuia, back ache, & a feeling of pelvic heaviness & pressure |
| UTERINE PROLAPSE - COMPLICATIONS | in 2nd & 3rd degree, protruding uterine portion subject to trauma & may become eroded & necrotic |
| UTERINE PROLAPSE - MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS | 1st degree- diagnosed by pelvic exam. 2nd & 3rd degree - readily detected by visual inspection |
| UTERINE PROLAPSE - MED TREATMENT | vaginal hysterectomy w anterior & posterior colporrhaphy. Pessaries may be used for women. |
| NORMAL UTERUS POSITION | at 45 degree angle anterior to the vagina; cervix points downward toward the posterior vaginal wall. |
| RETROVERSION | backward tilt, w the cervix pointed downward toward the anterior vaginal wall |
| RETROFLEXION | body of uterus bends back on itself |
| ANTEVERSION | entire uterus tilts forward at a sharper angle to the vagina |
| ANTEFLEXION | uterus bends forward, folding on itself |
| RETROVERSION/FLEXION & ANTEVERSION/FLEXION | weakening & stretching of the round, bround & uteroscaral ligaments & weakend pelvic floor musculature related to childbearing the most common causes |
| RETROVERSION/FLEXION & ANTEVERSION/FLEXION - S/S | most uterine displacement is asymptomatic, although dyspareunia & low back pain may occur with retroversion |
| RETROVERSION/FLEXION & ANTEVERSION/FLEXION - COMPLICATIONS | difficulty with conception |
| VAGINAL FISTULAS | abnormal passageways between the vagina & other pelvic organs |
| VESICOVAGINAL FISTULA | between the vagina & the urinary bladder |
| URETHROVAGINAL FISTULA | between the urethra & the vagina |
| RECTOVAGINAL FISTULA | located between the vagina & the rectum |
| BREAST CANCER | white non-hispanic women have highest incidence of breast cancer. African american women most likely to die. Fam history is important; risk rises if one or more 1st degree family members has had breast cancer & if that cancer was premenopausal & bilateral |
| BREAST CANCER - S/S | painless breast tissue thickening or lump. Late symptoms include dimpling of the skin, nipple discharge, nipple or skin retraction, edema, dilated blood vessels, ulceration & hemorrhage. |
| BREAST CANCER - COMPLICATIONS | infiltration of adjacent breast & axilliary tissue & metastasis to distant sites |
| BREAST CANCER - MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS | clinical breast exam. Mammogram, breast ultrasound, digital mammography or MRI. |
| BREAST CANCER - MED TREATMENT | lumpectomy, simple mastectomy, radical mastectomy |
| CERVICAL CANCER | research indicates that risk for cervical cancer is increased in women who have been infected with HPV. Additional factors: smoking, initial sexual intercourse in early adolescense, multiple sexual partners, dietary deficiencies in folic acid & vit A & C. |
| CERVICAL CANCER - S/S | early cervical cancer is asymptomatic. Advanced cancer also may be asymptomatic or may be assoc w blood tinged or frank bloody vaginal discharge, menstrual irregularities or bleeding after intercourse |
| CERVICAL CANCER - COMPLICATIONS | invasion of cervical cancer into adjacent structures. |
| CERVICAL CANCER - MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS | tissue specimens obtained by multiple punch biopsy, endocervical curettage, or conization |
| CERVICAL CANCER - MED TREATMENT | mild dysplacia: w loop electrosurgical excision. Radiation, cryosurgery |
| OVARIAN CANCER | family or personal history of ovarian cancer; a personal history of ovarian by dysfunction or of breast, endometrial, or colorectal cancer; high fat diet, early menarche and late menopause |
| OVARIAN CANCER - S/S | asymptomatic in early stage, advanced: abdominal pain & bloading, GI symptoms such as flatulence& urinary tract complaints |
| OVARIAN CANCER - COMPLICATIONS | spread to the peritoneum, omentum & bowel surface via direct invasion, peritoneal fluid & the lympathic & venous systems |
| OVARIAN CANCER - MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS | pelvic & rectal exam. Abdominal & vaginal ultrasound, exploratory laparotomy or laparoscopy |
| OVARIAN CANCER - MED TREATMENT | depends on staging. Surgery, chemotherapy, radiation |
| VULVAR CANCER | cause unknown, but may be related to STIs, particularly HPV |
| VULVAR CANCER - S/S | commonly reported is pruritus. Pain & bleeding |
| VULVAR CANCER - COMPLICATIONS | invades adjacent structures or metastasizes via lymphatic system |
| VULVAR CANCER - MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS | localized lesions: conservative removal of the malignant tissue by laser surgery; topical chemo. |
| VULVAR CANCER - MED TREATMENT | |
| VAGINAL CANCER | no definite cause detected. Risk factors: STIs, previous diagnosis of cervical/vulvar cancer |
| VAGINAL CANCER - S/S | in early & most treatable form, usually asymptomatic. Later symptoms: burning sensation, discharge may have a foul odor, dyspareumia, spotting after intercourse & bleeding |
| VAGINAL CANCER - COMPLICATIONS | invasion of adjacent structures & mestatasis |
| VAGINAL CANCER - MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS | most cases detected during inspection of vagina & from PAP smears. Made via colposcopy & biopsy of suspicious areas followed by tissue studies |
| VAGINAL CANCER - MED TREATMENT | laser surgery, topical checm, radiotherapy, vaginectomy |
| INFERTILITY | conception depnds on a number of factors. Timing & techniques used for sex intercourse. Production & release of healthy ovum & numerous healthy sperm. |
| INFERTILITY - MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS | based on data obtained from exhaustive psychosocial & physical health & sexual health histories of both partners |
| MENOPAUSE | cessation of menstruation; end of reproductive capacity. Natural menopause part of normal aging; surgical menopause from removal of ovaries. |
| MENOPAUSE | May begin as early as age 35 but more commonly occurs between 40 & 55. process from early sign to cessation usually 2 yrs or less. said to be menopausal when no menses for 1 yr |
| MENOPAUSE - S/S | hot flashes, vaginal dryness, insomnia, joint pain, headache & nausea. w/o estrogen, uterus becomes smaller , vagina shortens & vaginal tissues become drier. |
| MENOPAUSE - S/S | Breast tissue may loose firmness & pubic & axilliary hair becomes sparse. Stress incontinence, emotional instability, irritability & depression |
| MENOPAUSE - MED TREATMENT | estrogen therapy, |
| PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE - S/S | may be silent infection with no symptoms. Symptomatic: gradual onset of dull, steady, low abdominal pain or sudden onset of severe abd pain, chills & fever. |
| PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE - S/S | Other symptoms: dysuria, irregular bleeding, foul smelling vaginal discharge that may cause inflammation & skin breakdown of the vulva, dyspareunia |
Created by:
jekjes
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