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oxygenation 102
LU Kozier Notes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| why do we breathe? | high levels of CO2 cause us to breathe, chemoreceptors pick up the elevation and send out messages to breathe in |
| Respiration | breathing in and out with the exchange of gases |
| ventilation | breathing in and out, no gas exchange |
| Factors that effect respiration | age (newborns and geriatrics harder to inflate), environment (High altitude less O2), lifestyle, health status, meds (opiods decrease resp), stress (increase resp) |
| hypoxia | low O2 anywhere in the body, signs- rapid pulse, rapid shallow resp, restlessness, flaring of nares, substernal or intercostal retraction, cyanosis |
| hypoxemia | low O2 in blood |
| Normal Resp | 12-20 per minute eupnea |
| Tachypnea | fast resp Greater than 20 |
| bradypnea | slow resp, less than 12 |
| apnea | absence of breath |
| dyspnea | difficult breathing |
| Kussmaul's Breathing | deep and rapid breathing (attempting to blow off excess CO2), type of hyperventilation |
| Cheyne-Stokes breathing | waxing and waning, periods of apnea, shallow and deep, end of life |
| biots breathing | shallow breaths with apnea, head injury |
| orthopnea | must sit up to breathe |
| atelectasis | collapse of a portion of the lung |
| stridor | harsh high pitched sound during respirations, could mean lower airway obstruction |
| PFT's | pulmonary function tests, measure lung volume and capacity |
| tidal volume | volume inhaled and exhaled during normal quiet resp |
| residual volume | amount of air left in lungs after maximal exhalation |
| vital capacity | total amount of air that can be exhaled after maximal inspiration |
| respiratory capacity | total amount of air that can be inhaled after maximal exhalation |
| Oxygenation Assessment | report of any problems, hx, smoking, alcohol, exercise, cough (productive or not), occurence, sputum, CP, risk factors and meds, clubbing of nails, barrel chest |
| expectorate | spit out |
| abdominal diaphragmatic and pursed lip breathing | abd. breathing permits deep breaths with little effort, pursed lip breathing creates resistance to air flowing out of lungs so it takes longer. Good for COPD, Use when SOB, and 4 times a day |
| huff coughing | first cough loosens secretions, second cough expels them |
| humidifiers | add moisture to air |
| incentive spirometer | measure flow of air inhaled through the mouthpiece (10 times an hour while awake) |
| percussion | forceful clapping of skin with hands to loosen secretions, percuss affected lung section for 1 to 2 min |
| vibration | vigourous quivering produced by hands, loosen thick secretion |
| postural drainage | drainage by gravity of secretions, uses a wide variety of positions |
| nasal cannula | most common and inexpensive device to admin O2. 2-6L of air, 24-45% O2 |
| simple face mask | 5-8L per min, 40-60% O2 |
| partial rebreather mask | 6-10L per min, 60-90% O2, must not totally deflate during inspiration |
| nonrebreather mask | 10-15L per min, 95-100% O2 |
| tracheostomy | opening into the trachea of the neck for O2, not warmed and filtered air like through mouth and nose |
| suctioning | aspirating secretions through a catheter connected to a suction machine, sterile technique. 10 seconds or less per pass, 3 pass max per |
| hyperinflation | giving clients 1 to 1.5 time the tidal volume setting on the respirator. Give 3 to 5 breaths before and after suctioning |
| Hyperoxygenation | increase oxygen flow before suctioning |
| pneumothorax | air collecting in the pleural space |
| hemothorax | blood or fluid in the pleural space |
| chest tubes | must be connected to a drainage system or have a one way valve, drainage system below the level of the chest. It tube comes out, cover with dry sterile dressing, contact Dr. |
| heimlech valve | one way flutter valve allows air to escape chest tube, but not reenter |
| COPD | chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Emphesema, scarring of lungs affects the elasticity, airways stay too narrow. They can't exhale all the air they need too, have chronic elevated CO2 levels. |
| room air | 21% O2 |
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