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Urinary function A&P
pn 141 test 2 book: burke 746
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are the structures of the urinary system | paired kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra |
| what does this system excrete | metabollic waste |
| what does it helps regulate | acid-base and and BP |
| kidneys: where are they located behind | the peritoneum on either side of the spine, partially protected by the rib cage |
| kidneys: what is the hilum | a notch located on the inner surface of each |
| kidneys: what enters and exits the hilum | ureter, renal artery renal vein, lymphatic vessels and nerves enter and exit |
| kidneys: what is the renal fascia | a dense connective tissue that protects and anchors the kidneys |
| kidneys: what are the three regions of the kidney | cortex, medulla, pelvis |
| kidneys: what is the outer region of the kidney | the renal cortex |
| kidneys: what does the renal cortex contain | glomeruli |
| kidneys: what are glomeruli | small clusters of capillaries, they are part of the nephrons |
| kidneys: what is the functional unit of the kidneys | nehprons |
| kidneys: each kidney contains how many nephrons | 1 million |
| kidneys: what do nephrons do | they process blood to make urine |
| kidneys: what is the inner most portion of the kidney | renal medulla |
| kidneys: what happens in the renal medulla | the nehprons form renal pyramids |
| kidneys: what do the renal pyramids do | they channel urine into branches of the innermost region |
| kidneys: what is the inner most region of the kidney | the renal pelvis |
| kidneys: what are calyces | they are branches of the innermost region (renal pelvis) |
| ureters: what are they | they are bilateral tubes about 10-12 inches long, ` |
| ureters: what do they do | they move urine from the kidney to the bladder by peristaltic waves |
| ureters: what kind of muscle do they have | smooth muscle |
| urinary bladder: what is it | a hallow muscular organ that lies beside the symphysis pubis |
| urinary bladder: where on the bladder do the ureters enter | at its base |
| urinary bladder: what is the base known as | trigone |
| urinary bladder: what does bladder muscle do | prevents a backflow of urine from the bladder into the ureters |
| urinary bladder: what is the bladder lined with | epithelial mucosa |
| urinary bladder: what allows the bladder to expand and contract | the muscles are arranged in layers that allow the bladder to expand and contract |
| urinary bladder: when do healthy adults feel the urge to void | when the bladder contains 300-500 mL of urine |
| urinary bladder: how much can the bladder hold | twice the amount of urge to void |
| urinary bladder: what does the internal shinter do in response to a full bladder | it relaxes, signalling the urge to urinate |
| urinary bladder: what sphinter is under voluntary control | the external sphinter |
| urethra: what is it | a thin-walled muscular tube that channels urine out of the body. |
| urethra: what encircles the urethra at the base of the bladder in males | the prostate |
| urine formation: how much filtrate does the kidneys transfer each day | 180 liter (47 gallons) |
| urine formation: how is urine formed | by glomular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion |
| urine formation: glomerular filtration- what is it | a passive process in which fluid and solute move from the blood in the glomerulus into bowman's capsule. |
| urine formation: glomerular filtration- what is the glomerular filtration rate | the amount of fluid filtered from the blood into the capsule per minute |
| urine formation: glomerular filtration- what is normal GFR | 120-125 mL/min |
| urine formation: glomerular filtration- what are they two primary factors that control GFR | BP and volume |
| urine formation: glomerular filtration- what makes GFR fall | a drop in BP and urine output |
| urine formation: glomerular filtration- what system effects it | SNS |
| urine formation: Tubular reabsorption: how does it begin | as the filtrate enters the proximal tubules |
| urine formation: Tubular reabsorption: what nutrients are reabsorbed | organic |
| urine formation: Tubular reabsorption: what is continually regulated and adjusted to maintain homeostasis | water and electrolyte balance |
| urine formation: Tubular secretions: what happens in this process | excess potassium and waste products (creatinine, ammonia) are eliminated from the body (regulated acid base balance) |
| urine formation: urine concentration: where is urine concentrated | in the loop of henle |
| urine formation: urine concentration: what determines the final dilution or concentration of urine; and where | ADH; in the distal tubule |
| urine formation: urine concentration: what happens when aDH is secreted | water is reabsorbed in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct and urine is more concentrated |
| urine formation: urine concentration: what happens when ADH is not secreted | water cannot be reabsorbed and the urine is more diluted |
| endocrine function on the kidneys: what two enzymes activate Vit D | renin and erythropoietin |
| endocrine function on the kidneys: where is the enzyme renin produced | by the juxtaglomerular apparatus |
| endocrine function on the kidneys: what does renin do | it converts the plasma protein angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1 |
| endocrine function on the kidneys: where is angiotensin 1 canverted to angiotensin 2 | in the lungs |
| endocrine function on the kidneys: what is a potent vasocontricture | the convertions of angiotensin 1 to 2 |
| endocrine function on the kidneys: what is the net effect of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system | to raise BP and blood volume |
| endocrine function on the kidneys: erythropoietin in where; why | the kidneys; as a response to hypoxia of renal cells |
| endocrine function on the kidneys: erythropoietin -what does it do | stimulates the bone marrow to produce RBCs |
| endocrine function on the kidneys: why is Vit D important | for calcium regulation in the body |
| endocrine function on the kidneys: how is it activated; what does not activate it | in a two step process by the liver and then the kidneys; when it enters the body either through the diet or by exposure to ultraviolet light |
| age related changes: a decrease in GFR does what | decreased excretion of drugs primarily eliminated by the kidneys; increased risk for drug toxicity |
| age related changes: decreased number of nephrons does what | decreases the ability to conserve water and sodium, increased risk of fluid, electrolyte and acid-base imbalances |
| age related changes: decreased number of functional nephrons does what | increased risk of kidney failrue |
Created by:
jmkettel
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