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Fund Nurs 3.2
Fundamentals of Nursing Test 3 Section 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Reason for pain | One of the body's defence mechanisms |
| Two types of pain | 1) Acute and 2) Chronic |
| Duration of Acute pain | Less than six months |
| Treatment of acute pain | acute pain usually disappears if the underlying cause is resolved |
| Chronic pain | lasts 6 months or more and interfers with normal functioning |
| REmission | disease is still present, but no pain is experienced |
| exacerbation | symptoms reappear |
| intractable pain | feature of chronic pain, resistant to therapy |
| Four sources of pain | 1) nociceptive 2) Referred 3) Neuropathic 4) psychogenic |
| Nociceptive pain | Pain stimulated by a noxious substance and transmitted along the nerves |
| 3 areas of nociceptive pain | 1) Cutaneous- near the skin 2) Somatic- associated with connective tissue 3) Visceral- associated with organs |
| Referred pain | Percieved in an area distant from its point of origin |
| Neuropathic pain | Results from injury to nerves |
| Psychogenic pain | No identifyable physical cause |
| 5 steps of the pain process | 1) Transduction 2) Transmission 3) perception 4) Modulation 5) Responses |
| Transduction of pain | Activation of pain sensors |
| Transmission of pain | Pain sensation is conducted along pathway |
| perception of pain | pain is interpreted in the brain |
| Modulation of pain | Neuromodulators regulated pain perception |
| Responses to pain | The bodies response |
| 4 factors affecting pain experience | 1) Culture 2) Environment 3) Anxiety 4) past experiences |
| nonpharmacological pain relief measures (10) | 1)Accupuncture 2) Biofeedback 3) Cutaneous stimulation 4) Therapeutic touch 5) Distraction 6) Humor 7) Hypnosis 8) Imagery 9) Music 10) Relaxation |
| In assessment pain is considered? | The fifth vital sign |
| 4 misconceptions of pain | 1) patient thinks pain medicine will be given on a schedule 2) patient is afraid of addiction 3) Patient believes it is better to deal with pain than the side effects of the medicine 4) patient believes he should wait until the pain becomes very bad |
| It is currently believed that inadequate responses to pain in childhood ( ) | May alter a person's perception of pain in adulthood |
| Special problem with pain assessment in the edlerly | They may have visual, hearing, or cognative impairments |
| What scale is used for assessing special populations? | Wopng-Baker "Faces" scale |
| 2 major nursing diagnoses for chronic pain | 1) Chronic pain as the problem 2) Chronic pain as the sorce of other problems- etiology |
| 2 important parts of the implementation phase of pain care | 1) Nurse patient relationship 2) Manipulating causitive factors |
| Analgesic | A pharmaceulogical agent which reduces the perception of pain |
| Three classes of analgesics | 1) opiods- controlled substances 2) Non-opiods 3) Adjuvant drugs (help with other drugs) |
| 2 factors of acute pain management | 1) Aggressive individualized strategies 2) preventing pain is easier than treating it |
| 4 major principles for chronic pain | 1) Give meds orally if possibe 2) Give meds on a schedule 3) Adjust the dose to recieve maximum benefit with minimum side effects 4) Allow as much patient control as possible |
| Initial dosage strength for opioids treatment for older adults | 50- 75 % of the younger adult dose |
| 2 major types of loss | 1) actual loss- can be recognized by others 2) Perceived loss- subjective |
| 5 subtypes of loss | 1) Anticipatory 2) Situational 3) Maturational 4) Physical 5) Psychological |
| Grief reaction | Emotional reaction to loss |
| Bereavement | State of grieving during which a person goes through a greif reaction |
| Mourning | Period of acceptance of loss |
| 6 Stages of Grief | 1) Shock and disbelief 2) Developing awareness- emotinal response 3) Restitution- rituals around loss 4) Resolving the loss 5) Idealization 6) outcome |
| Normal grief versus Dysfunctonal grief | Normal grief is usually shorter, dyfunctional grief is often suppressed |
| What type(s) of grief may be delayed? | Normal and dysfunctional grief |
| The Kubler-Ross Stages of Dying Know this! | 1) Denial and Isolation 2) Anger 3) Bargaining 4) Depression 5) Acceptance |
| Who tell that patient about a terminal illness? | The physician |
| 3 definitions of death | 1) Heart-lung death 2) Whole brain death 3) higher brain death |
| 2 common advanced directives | 1) Power of attorney 2) Living will |
| Comfort measures only | Goal is a comfortable dignified death |
| Terminal weaning | Gradual withdrawl of mechanical ventilation |
| Passive Euthanasia | Withholding therapies |
| Active Euthanasia | Administering a lethal injection |
| 6 factors that affect grief, loss, and dying | 1) developmental considerations 2) Family 3) Socio-economic factors 4) Cultural influences 5) Religious influences 6) Cause of death |
| 2 major nursing diagnoses concerning dying | 1) Response to the loss as the problem 2) REsponse to the loss as the etiology (the cause of other problems) |
| Evaluation in the dying process for patients,family members, and the nurse | Patient- a comfortable dignified death, FAmily- resolve grief after mourning Nurse- lessons learned |
Created by:
twininger1
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