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NCC -Pharmacology 1

Chapters 1 & 2

QuestionAnswer
urticaria Hives
Medicines not bonded to proteins. Usually dissolved in blood and does not require a protein carrier. unbound drug
Brand name, or proprietary name, followed by the symbol ®. Trademark
A severe adverse effect. Toxicity
A person's need for a higher drug dosage to produce the same effects that a lower dosage once provided. Tolerence
teratogen (teratogenic) Agent that produces birth defects.
synergistic effect The combined effect of two drugs is greater than the sum of the effect of each drug given alone.
Symptoms of drug therapy for which the nurse has a responsibility to monitor the patient and report these symptoms to the health care provider. serious adverse effects
Classifications of controlled substances Schedules
Cellular protein that binds to a hormone so that a response can be elicited. Receptors
proprietary name Drug name followed by the symbol ® indicating that the name is registered and that its use is restricted to the owner of the drug, who is usually the manufacturer. Also known as trademark or brand name.
Collection of voluntary reports regarding adverse drug events of FDA-approved drugs. postmarketing surveillance
Physicians' Desk Reference (PDR) A compendium compiled annually, containing information about drugs, primarily prescription drugs and products used in diagnostic procedures in the United States, supplied by their manufacturers.
The study of drugs and their actions on living organisms. pharmacology
The study of the mathematical relationships among the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of individual medicines over time. pharmacokinetics
pharmacogenetics Effect of a drug action that varies from a predicted drug response because of genetic factors or hereditary influence.
The study of interactions between drugs and their receptors and the series of events that result in a pharmacologic response. pharmacodynamics
Drugs that attach and elicit a small response but also block other responses. partial agonists
Subcutaneous, intramuscular, or intravenous method of administration; treatment by injection. parenteral (parenterally)
over-the-counter (OTC) drugs Drugs that are sold without a prescription in a pharmacy or the health section of department or grocery stores.
onset of action Time when the concentration of a drug at the site of action is sufficient to start a physiologic (pharmacologic) response.
official name The name under which a drug is listed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
nocebo effect Latin, "I will harm." The effect that occurs when the patient's negative expectations about therapy result in less than optimal outcomes.
Application submitted to the FDA formally requesting approval to market a new drug for human use. New Drug Application
Therapeutic drugs used to prevent or treat diseases. medicines
Section of the patient's chart listing all medications to be administered. medication administration record (MAR)
Martindale—The Complete Drug Reference Comprehensive text for information on drugs in current use throughout the world; published by the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain.
interference The drug interaction that occurs when the first drug inhibits the metabolism or excretion of the second drug, causing increased activity of the second drug.
A drug interaction that occurs when the first drug is chemically incompatible with the second drug, causing deterioration when both drugs are mixed in the same syringe or solution. incompatibility
idiosyncratic reaction An adverse drug reaction resulting from a genetic polymorphism.
Raised, irregularly shaped patches on the skin that itch severely. hives
health orphans Rare diseases that pharmaceutical manufacturers were reluctant to develop products for because they were unable to recover the costs of the research involved.
half-life The amount of time required to eliminate 50% of the drug from the body.
generic name Before a drug becomes official, it is given a generic name or common name that may be used in any country and by any manufacturer.
Act passed in 1938 authorizing the FDA to determine the safety of drugs before marketing and to ensure that certain labeling specifications and standards in advertising are met. Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
Elimination of drug metabolites and, in many cases, the active drug itself from the body. excretion
enteral Administering a drug directly into the gastrointestinal tract by oral, rectal, or nasogastric routes.
duration of action The length of time a drug has a pharmacologic effect on an individual.
drug tolerance When a patient requires increases in dosing to achieve the same therapeutic effect.
drug metabolism The process by which the body inactivates medicines.
Drug Interaction Facts The most comprehensive book available on the subject of drug interactions; published by Facts and Comparisons.
When the action of one drug is altered by the action of another. drug interaction
Drug Facts and Comparisons Comprehensive compendium of drug information published by Facts and Comparisons.
drug blood level An assay to determine the amount of drug present in a blood sample.
drug accumulation The effect that occurs when the previously administered drug dose has not yet been metabolized or excreted when the next dose is administered.
drugs Chemical substances that have an effect on living organisms.
distribution The ways in which drugs are transported by the circulating body fluids to the sites of action (receptors), metabolism, and excretion.
displacement The displacement from protein-binding sites of the first drug by a second drug, increasing the activity of the first drug.
desired action The expected response that occurs when a drug enters a patient and is absorbed and distributed.
Controlled Substances Act Act passed in 1970 designed to improve the administration and regulation of manufacturing, distributing, and dispensing of controlled drugs.
common adverse effects Symptoms that can be alleviated or prevented by actions of the nurse or patient that will require immediate planning for patient education.
chemical name The chemical constitution of a drug, the exact placing of its atoms or molecular groupings; this terminology is significant to a chemist.
carcinogenicity The ability of a drug to induce living cells to mutate and become cancerous.
brand name Drug name followed by the symbol ® indicating that the name is registered and that its use is restricted to the owner of the drug, who is usually the manufacturer.
biotransformation The process by which the body inactivates drugs. Also called metabolism.
antagonistic effect A drug interaction in which one drug interferes with the action of another.
antagonists Drugs that attach to a receptor but do not stimulate a response; used to block the receptor from attaching to another substance.
allergic reactions Reaction to a drug in which a patient has developed antibodies to previous exposure of the drug, and upon re-exposure, the antibodies cause a reaction such as hives.
agonists Drugs that interact with a receptor to stimulate a response.
adverse effects The undesirable responses produced by a drug (other than its intended effect) when it affects more than one body system. Also known as side effects.
ADME Acronym for the 4 stages of the drug cycle: absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
additive effect A drug interaction that occurs when two drugs with similar actions are taken, thus doubling the effect.
absorption When a drug moves from its site of administration to the blood.
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